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LAW-LATIN 



A TREATISE IN LATIN 



LEGAL MAXIMS AND PHRASES 



AS A BASIS OF INSTRUCTION 



E. HILTON JACKSON, A.M. LL.M., 

id Law-Latin in the Si 
Columbian University. 



Instructor in Law and Law-Latin in the Summer School of The 



; CD 

WASHINGTON, D. C, * . /*. 

JOHN BYRNE AND COMPANY. (J^ ^ 

1897. 






Copyright, 1897, 

by 

E. Hilton Jackson. 



FREDERICK, WD. : 
PRESS OF BAUGHMAN BROS. 



TO 

WILLIAM A. MAURY, LL.D , 

Counsellor at Law, 

Professor of Law in the Columbian University, and formerly Assistant 

Attorney-General of the United States, I respectfully 

dedicate this book. 



PREFACE. 

This little book consists of a course in Latin, in 
which legal maxims and phrases are used as a basis 
of instruction. It is not designed to give a complete 
course in the Latin Language, and is intended chiefly 
to benefit law students and some of the younger mem- 
bers of the profession, who have not a working knowl- 
edge of Latin, by making them familiar with the fun- 
damental principles of the language, while at the 
same time employing as material of instruction those 
maxims and phrases met with daily in practice and in 
the leading text books. 

The maxims and phrases thus utilized comprise sub- 
stantially all of those annotated in Wharton's & Broom's 
Legal Maxims, and, besides, many others, three hun- 
dred and eighty-five in all, in selecting which, their 
importance in a legal aspect has been constantly borne 
in miad. 

These maxims have been conveniently divided into 
thirty-two lessons, conducting the student by a grad- 
ual and easy process from the more elementary princi- 
ples of etymology to some of the more involved con- 
structions of syntax. 

The lessons contain references, so far as may be 
found serviceable to a correct translation, to the rules 
and principles of Etymology and Syntax, collated in a 



VI PREFACE. 

single part of this book. More of these rules and 
principles have been introduced than will be found 
indispensable to an intelligent study of the lessons, 
thus making the course as expansive as the inclination 
of the student or the discretion of the instructor may 
suggest. 

For convenience, the legal aspect of every phrase 
and maxim has been set forth, thus avoiding the neces- 
sity of references to a book of maxims to gain this 
information. It should be said, however, that the 
author in thus annotating the phrases and maxims, 
has striven for accuracy and brevity rather than orig- 
inality or exhaustive treatment, and has drawn largely 
upon the labors of others who have preceded him in 
this field, being especially indebted to Broom and 
Wharton, to the Law Dictionaries of Bouvier and 
Anderson, and also to many other sources of informa- 
tion, for which due credit has been given in the appro- 
priate place, so far as practicable. 

The English method of pronunciation is suggested 
as being of the greatest service to members of the 
profession in the United States, and, looking to this 
end, its principles have been set forth in the introduc- 
tory part, following substantially the presentation in 
Harkuess' Latin Grammar, for which acknowledg- 
ments are here made. 

The hope is earnestly indulged, and is justified by the 
author's actual experience, that the thorough student 
will become a master of this English method of pro- 
nunciation, and, in addition to the knowledge of Latin 



PREFACE. Vll 

acquired, will, by reason of the constant use of these 
maxims in the class room, have at his tongue's end 
information that may be considered an almost indis- 
pensable part of the equipment of every successful 
practitioner. 

My heartfelt thanks are due to my friend, Professor 
Andrew P. Montague, LL.D., Professor of Latin and 
Dean of The Columbian College, whose profound 
scholarship and intelligent sympathy have done much 
to lighten the labors of the past few months. 

If this work shall, even in a slight degree, have a 
tendency to bring the young men of the legal profes- 
sion to a livelier appreciation of the maxims of the 
law — " Those unerring principles of truth, in accord- 
ance with which all laws now and hereafter to be made 
will be interpreted" — the author will feel fully com- 
pensated for the time and labor expended. 

E. HILTON JACKSON, 

June, 1897. Washington, D. G. 



CONTENTS. IX 



CONTENTS. 



LESSON. PAGE. 

I. First and Second Declension. The verb SUlil . . 1, 2 

II. First and Second Declension. Adjectives. First 

Conjugation 3, 4 

Third Declension. First Conjugation 5, 6 

Third Declension. Second Conjugation .... 6, 7 
Third Declension. Second Conjugation .... 8, 9 
Third Declension. Adjectives. Third Conjuga- 
tion 10, 11 

VII. Fourth Declension. Facio 11, 12 

VIII. Fourth and Fifth Declension 13, 14 

IX. Passive Voice 14, 15 

X. Passive Voice. Fourth Conjugation. Alter. Parti- 

ciples, active 16, 17 

Passive Participle. Gerund 18, 19 

Deponent Verbs 19, 20 

Second Periphrastic Conjugation 20, 21 

Deponents and Second Periphrastic Conj ligation . . 22, 23 

Eelative Pronouns 23, 24 

Personal and Intensive Pronouns 25, 26 

Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns 26, 27 

Subjective and Complementary Infinitive .... 28, 29 

Subjective and Complementary Infinitive .... 29, 30 

XX. Comparison of Adjectives 31, 32 

XXI. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives 33, 34 

XXII. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives 34, 35 

XXIII. Comparison of Adverbs 36, 37 

XXIV. Irregular Verbs. Posse 38, 39 

XXV. Irregular Verbs. Prodesse. Deesse ... 39, 40 



X CONTENTS. 

XXVI. Irregular Verbs. Fieri. Ire 41, 42 

XXVII. Irregular Verbs. Prseferre . 42, 43 

XXVIII. Verbs Controlling Special Cases 44, 45 

XXIX. Verbs Controlling Special Cases 45, 46 

XXX. Ablative Absolute 47, 48 

XXXI. Subjunctive 48, 49 

XXXII. Subjunctive. Accusative and Infinitive . . . . 50, 51 

Tables of all tbe Declensions, Nouns, Adjectives 52-63 

Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs 64-67 

Tables of Declensions of Pronouns 67-70 

Tables of Conjugations of Verbs — Regular and Irregular . . 70-109 

Rules of Syntax 110-112 

Table of Legal Maxims Annotated 113-202 

General Vocabulary 203-219 



PRONUNCIATION. XI 



PRONUNCIATION. 



1. ALPHABET.— The Latin alphabet is the game 
as in English, except that it has no w. 

In the classical period one form i served for 
the vowel i and the consonant j, but for conve- 
nience both forms are used in this book. 

U and v were also denoted by the same form 
v, but the modern distinction has been retained 
in this book, u being used as a vowel. 

The Liquids are 1, m, 11, r. 

The Mutes, p, b, t, d, g, c, k, q. 

The Vowels, a, e, i, o, u, y. 

No further division of tbe consonants will be 
found serviceable in this treatise. 

2. THE ENGLISH METHOD OF PRONUN- 
CIATION.— Vowels usually have their loug or 
short English sounds. 

3. LONG SOUNDS.— Vowels have their long- 
English sounds — a as in fate, e as it mete, i in 
pine, o in note, u in tube, y in type — in the fol- 
lowing situations : 

1. In final syllables ending in a vowel; se, si, 
ser-vi, ser-vo, cor-nu, misy. 

2. In all syllables before a vowel or diph- 
thong: De-us, de-6-rum, de-ce, di-e-i, ni-Jii-lum. 

3. In penultimate syllables before a single 
consonant or before a mute followed by a liquid: 
Pd-te , pd-tres, A-tlios, O-thrys. 



Xll PRONUNCIATION. 

4. In unaccented syllables, not final, before a 
single consonant, or before a mute followed by 
a liquid : Do-16-ris, cor-po-ri, con-su-lis, a grie- 
o-la. 

a. A unaccented, except before consonants in 
final syllables, has the sound of a final in 
America : men-sa, a-cuAus, a-md-mus. 

b. I and y unaccented, in any syllable except 
the first and last, generally have the short 
sound: nob-i-lis (nob-e-lis), Am-y-cus Am-e-cus). 

c. I preceded by an accented a, e, o or y, and 
followed by another vowel, is a semivowel with 
the sound of y in yet : A-chd-ia (A-ka-ya), 
Pom pe-ius (Pom pe-yus), La-to-ia (La-to-ya). 

d. U has the short sound before bl, and the 
other vowels before gl aud tl: Pub-lic-o-la, 
Ag-ld-o-plion, At-las. 

e. U in qu, and generally in qu and su, before 
a vowel, has the sound of iv : qui (kwi), gua; 
M,n-gua (lin-gwa), lin-guis, sud-de-o (swa-de-o). 

/. Compound Words. — When the first part of 
a compound is entire and ends in a consonant, 
any vowel before such consonant has generally 
the short sound: a in db-es, e in red it, i in in-it, 
o in 6b -it, prod- est. But those final syllables, 
which, as exceptions, have the long sound before 
a consonant, retain that sound in compounds: 
post-quam, hos-ce. E-ti-am and quo-ni-am are 
generally pronounced as simple words. 

4. SHORT SOUNDS.— Vowels have their short 
English sounds — a as in fat, e in met, i in pin, 
o in not, « in tub, j in myth — in the following 
situations: 

1. In final syllables ending in a consonant: 



. PRONUNCIATION. Xlll 

A-mat, d-met, rex-it, sol, consul, Te-thys; ex- 
cept post, es final and os final in plural cases: 
res, di-es, hos, d-gros. 

2. In all syllables before x, or any two con- 
sonants except a mute followed by a liquid: 
Rex-it, bel-lum, rex-e-runt, bel-16-rum. 

3. In all accented syllables, not penultimate, 
before one or more consonants: Dom-inus, 
pdt-ri-bus. But 

(a.) A, e or o before a single or consonant 
(or a mute and a liquid), followed by e, i or y 
before another vowel, has the long sound: 
d-ci-es, d-cri-a, me-re-o, do-ce-o. 

(b.) U, in any syllable not final, before a 
single consonant or a mute and a liquid, ex- 
cept bl, has the long sound: Pil-nicus, sa- 
M-bri-tas. 

(c.) Compounds; see 3, f. 

5. DIPHTHONGS.— Diphthongs are pro- 
nounced as follows : 

JE like e: Cae-sar, Baed-a-lus. 
OE like e: Oe-ta, Oed-i-pus. 
Au as in author: au-rum. 
Eu as in neuter: neuter. 

1. JEi and oi are seldom diphthongs, but when 
so used they are pronounced as in height, coin, 
hei, proin. 

2. TJi, as a diphthong with the long sound of 
i, occurs in cui, hui, huic. 

5. CONSONANTS.— The consonants are pro- 
nounced in general as in English. Thus — 

I. C and G are soft (like s and j) before e, i, 
y, 03 and oe, and hard in other situations: ce-do, 



XIV PRONUNCIATION. • 

ci-vis, Cy-rus, cae-do, coe-pi, d-ge (a-je), d-gi; 
cd-do (ka-do), co-go, cum, Gd-des. But 

1. C has the sound of sh — 

a. Before i preceded by an accented syl- 
lable and followed by a vowel: so-ci-us 
(so-she-ns). 

b. Before eu and yo preceded by an ac- 
cented syllable: ca-dii-ce-us (ca-du-she-us), 
Sic-yon (Sish-y-on). 

2. Ch is hard like 1c: cho-rus (ko-rus), chios 
(ki-os). 

3. G has the soft sound before g soft: 
dg-ger. 

II. S, T and X are generally pronounced as 
in the English words son, time, expect: sd-cer, 
ti-mor, rex-i (rek-si). But — 

1. S, Tand X are aspirated before i pre- 
ceded by an accented syllable and followed 
by a vowel — s and t taking the sound of sh, 
and a? that of Icsh: Al-si-um (Al-she-urn), dr-ti- 
um (ar-she-um), dnx-i-us (ank-she-us). But — 

a. T loses the aspirate (1) after s, t or x: 
Os-ti-a, At-tius, mixti-o; (2) in old infini- 
tives in ier: flec-ti-er; (3) generally 
proper names in Hon (tyon): Phi -lis -ti -on, 
Am-phic-ty on. 

2. S is pronounced like z — 

a. At the end of a word after e, ce, an, b, 
m, n, r: spes, prces, laus, urbs, hi-ems, mons, 
pars. 

b. In a few words after the aualogy of 
the corresponding English words: Cae-sar, 
Caesar ; cau-sa, cause; mu-sa, muse ; miser, 
miser, miserable, etc. 

3. X at the beginning of a word has the 
sound of z: Xdn-thus. 



FIKST AND SECOND DECLENSION. Slim. 



LESSON I. 

First and Second Declension. 

7. Decline persona, amicus, interregnum. (98 

(99). 
Learn present indicative of esse. (126). 

8. 1. Bona; bonus. 

2. In personam. 

3. In Anglia non est interregnum 1 . 

4. Per nriuas. 

5. A menaa 2 et thoro 2 . 

6. A vinculo 2 matrimonii 3 . 

7. Coinmodatum. 

8. Ab initio 2 . 

9. Imperium in imperio*. 

10. Arbitrium est judicium. 

11. In foro conscientise 5 . 

12. In future 

13. Damnum sine injuria. 
11. Amicus curiae 6 . 

9. a or ab, prep. w. abl., from, by, 
amicus,-i, m. friend. 
Anglia,-ae, f. England. 

1 See 132, I. *See 132, XXIY. 

2 See 1 3 2 , XIX. 5 See 1 3 2, VIII. 
3 See 132, VII. 6 See 132, X. 



FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION. Sum. 

arbitrium,-i, n. award. 

bona,-drum, n. goods, property. 

t)dnus,-i, m. bonus. 

comm'odatum,-i, n. loan. 

conscientia,-ae, f. conscience. 

ciiria,-ae, f. court. 

damnum, -i, n. loss, damages. 

et, conj., and. 

fdrum,-i, n . forum, court. 

futiirum,-i, n. future. 

imperium,-i, n. government, state. 

in, prep. w. ace, into, to, against, i. e. motion. 

w. abl., in, on, i. e. rest. 
initium,-i, n. beginning. 
injiiria-se, f. injury. 
interregnum,-!, n. interregnum. 
judicium, -i, u. judgment. 
matrimonium,-i, n. marriage, matrimony. 
inensa,-8e, f. board, table. 
mina,-ae, f. threat. 
non, adv., not. 

per, prep. w. ace, through, by. 
persona,-8e, f. person. 
sine, prep. w. abl., ivithout. 
thorus,-i, in. bed, couch. 
vinculum,-i, n. bond, chain. 



FIRST AiND SECOND DECLENSION. 



LESSON II. 

Adjectives of the First and Second Declension. 

10. Decline btfnus and malus. (107). 

Learn present indicative active of mando. 

(120). 

11. 1. Malo 1 amnio 2 . 

2. Ignorantia facti excusat. 

3. Mandamus. 

4. Pro bono publico s . t i 

5. Mala grammatica non vitiat chartam*. 

6. Argumentum ad ignorantiam. 

7. Dona clandestina sunt semper suspicidsa. 

8. Terra firma. 

9. Propter odium delicti. 

10. Ex officio 5 . 

11. Injuria non excusat injuriam*. 

12. Via antiqua est tuta. 

13. Scienter. 

12. ad, prep. w. ac, based upon, according to. 
animus,-i, m, intent, mind. 
antiquus,-a,-um, adj., ancient, old. 
argumentum,-i, n. argument. 
b6nus,-a,-um, adj., good. 



1 Seel32, IV. * See 132, II. 

2 See 132, XVIIL 6 See 132, XVII* 

3 See 132, XVU. 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 

charta,-8e, f. writing, instrument, deed, 

clandestinus,-a,-um, adj., secret. 

delictum,-i, n. offense, crime. 

don u m, -i, n. gift. 

dum, conj., while. 

ex, prep. w. abl., by virtue of. 

excuso,-are,-avi,-atum, excuse, condone, 

factum,-!, n. fact. 

firmusr,-a,-um, ad]., firm, solid. 

grammatica^-ae, f. grammar. 

ignorantia,-a3, f. ignorance. 

malus,-a,-uni, adj. bad, evil. 

mando,-are,-avi,-atum, command. 

6dium,-i, n. odium. 

officium,-i, u. office. 

pro, prep. \v. abl., /or, on behalf of. 

publicus,-a,-um s adj., public. 

propter, prep. w. ace., on account of. 

scienter, adv., with knowledge, knowingly. 

semper, adv., icithout. 

sunt, (they) are. 

suspiciosus,-a,-um, adj., suspicious. 

terra,-a,-um, f. land. 

tutus,-a,-um, adj., safe. 

via,-ae, f. way, road. 

vitio,-are,-avi,-£tum, vitiate, make void* 



THIRD DECLENSION. 5 

LESSON III. 

Third Declension. 

13. Decline lex, visitatio, homo, rex, mens, con- 

suetude (100), (101), (102). 
Learn future and perfect indicative active of 
inando. (120). 

14. 1. Custodia legis. 

2. Impotentia excusat legem. 

3. Visitationem commendainus. 

4. Lex Anglise lex 1 terrre est. 

5. Argumentum ad liominem. 

6. Lex Anglise est lex niisericordiee. 

7. Lex dabit reinedium. 

8. Festinatio justitise 2 est noverca 1 infortiinii. 

9. Aula regis. 

10. Plene administravit. 

11. Assentio inentinm 2 . 

12. Consuetude- regni est lex 1 Anglise. 

15. administro,-are-avi-atum, administer. 
assentio,-6nis, f. assent. 

aula,-8e, f. hall. 

commendo,-are,-avi,-atum, commend. 
consuetudo,-inis, f. custom. 
Cornelia,-se, f. Cornelia. 
cust6dia,-se, f. custody, guard. 
de, prep. w. abl., about, concerning. 
do,-are,-dedi,-datum, give, furnish. 

*Seel32, III. 2 See 132, IX. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 

festinatio,-onis, f. haste. 
impotentia,-8e, f. inability, impotence. 
infortuniuin,-i, n. misfortune, disaster, 
justitia,-se, f. justice. 
lex, legis, f. law. 
mens, mentis, f. mind. 
miseric6rdia,-8e, f. mercy, pity. 
noverca,-se, f. stepmother. 
plene, adv., fully. 
regnum,-i, n. kingdom. 
remedium,-i, n. remedy. 
rex, regis, in. Icing. 
sicarius,-i, m. assassin. 
Tisitatio,-6nis, f. visit. 



LESSON IV. 

Third Declension. 

16. Decline necessitas, servitus, stipulator. (100), 

(lOl). 
Learn the present indicative active of h&beo* 

(121). 

17. 1. Nec6ssitas non habet legem. 

2. Falsa demonstratio non nocet. , 

3. Executio legis non habet injuriaru. 

4. Inter anna leges silent. 

5. Lex dilationes abhorret. 

6. Misera est servitus, ubi lex vaga aut in- 

certa. 

7. Malitia supplet setatem. 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 

8. Suppressio veri, expressio falsi. 

9. Lex spectat naturae ordinem. 

10. Actiones legis. 

11. Ambiguitas contra stipulatorem est. 

12. C6ram domino rege. 

18. abborreo,-ere,-ui, , abhor. 

actio,-onis, f. action. 
aetas,-atis, f. age. 
ambignitas,-atis, f. ambiguity. 
arma,-<5rum, n. plur. arms. 
contra, prep. w. ace, against. 
coram, prep. w. abl., in the presence of. 
dilatio,-6nis, f. delay. 
demonstratio,-6nis, f. proof. 
dominus,-i, in. lord, master. 
executio,-6nis, f. execution. 
falsus,-a,-um, adj., false. 
habeo,-£re,-ui,-itum, have. 
incertus,-a,-um, adj., uncertain, 
inter, prep. w. ace, among. 
nialitia,-se, f. malice. 
miser,-era,-ernm, adj., toretched. 
natiira,-ae, f. nature. 
necessitas,-atis, f. necessity. 
noceo,-ere,-ui,-itum, harm, do injury. 
6rdo,-inis, f. order. 
rex,-egis, m. king. 
servitus,-utis, f. servitude, slavery. 

sileo,-ere,-ui, , to be silent. 

specto,-are,-avi,-atum, look at, regard. 

stipulator,-6nis, m. stipulator, party using. 

suppre'ssioj-dnis, f. suppression. 

ubi, adv., where. 

vagns,-a,-um., adj., uncertain, ambiguous. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



LESSON V. 

Third Declension. 

19. Decline mos, vox, comes, judex, jus, vis, 

nacres, corpus, fraus. (100), (101), (102), 
(105). 
Learn present indicative active of respdndeo 
(like habeo). (121). 

20. 1. Contra bonos mores. 

2. Vox populi vox Dei est. 

3. Negligentia semper habet infortuniam c6- 

mitem 1 . 

4. TTbi jus, remedium est. 

5. Ad quaestionem facti non respondent 

judices; ad quaestionem juris non re- 
spondent juratores. 

6. Executio est executio juris secundum judi- 

cium. 

7. Fraus et jus nunquam cohabitant. 

8. Louga possessio est pacis jus. 

9. Falsa ortkographia sive falsa grammatica 

non vitiat concessioner. 

10. Vi 2 et arm is. 2 

11. Nam nemo haeres viventis est. 

12. C6rpus delicti. 

21. cohabito,-are,-avi,-atum, to live or dwell to- 

gether. 

l See 132, VI. 2 See 132, XVII. 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 9 

cdmes,-itis, m. and f. companion, 

concessio,-onis, f. grant. » 

cdrpus,-oris, n. body. 

delictum,-i, u. crime, offense. 

Deus,-i, m. God. 

iraus,-dis, in. fraud. 

Jiaeres,-edis, m. heir. 

infortunia,-ae, f. misfortune. 

jurator,-6ris, m. juror. 

jus,-iiris, n. law, right. 

inos,-6ris, m. custom. 

negligentia,-£e, f. negligence. 

nemo,-iuis, c. no one. 

niinquam, adv., never. 

orthographia,-se, f. .spelling. 

possessio,-6nis, f. possession. 

resp6udeo,-ere,-di,-sp6usum, to answer to, to 

respond. 
secundum, prep. \v. ace, according to. 
sive, conj., or. 
Tis, vis, f. force. 
vivens,-iitis, c. a living person. 
vox,-6cis, f. voice. 



10 THIRD DECLENSION. 

LESSON VI. 

Adjectives of the Third Declension. 

22. Decline brevis, simplex, filius, nomeii. (108), 

(100), (101), (99). 
Learn present indicative of indiico (like rego). 

(122). 

23. 1. fra furor brevis est. 

2. Simplex commendatio non obligat. 

3. Necessitas inducit privilegium. 

4. F6rma legalis forma essentialis. 

5. Haeres est nomen legis, filius est n6men 

naturae. 

6. Lex neminem c6git ad vana seu impossibilia. 

7. In flctione legis, aequitas existit. 

8. Crimen trabit personam. 

9. Debile fundamentum fallit opus. 

10. Lex necessitatis est lex temporis, i. e. in- 
stantis. 

24. aequitas,-&tis, f. equity. 
brevis,-e, adj., brief, short. 
c6go,-ere, coegi, coactum, compel, drive. 
commendatio,-onis, f. recommendation. 
crimen,-inis, n. crime. 

d£bilis,-e, adj., weak. 
essential is, -e, adj., essential. 
existo,-ere, exstiti, exstitum, exist. 
fallo-ere, fefelli, falsum, destroy. 
fictio,-6nis, f. fiction. 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 11 

filius,-i, m. son. 

i"6rma,-se, f. form. 

furor,-6ris, m. madness. 

impossibilis,-e, adj., impossible. 

inttuco,-ere,-duxi,-cluctum, induce. 

instaus,-ntis, adj., present. 

ira,-ae, f. anger. 

leg-alis,-e, adj., legal. 

nomeii,-mis, n, name. 

dbligo,-are,-avi,-atum, bind. 

6mnis,-e, adj., all. 

6pus,-eris, n. superstructure, work. 

privilegium,-i, n. privilege. 

rego,-ere,-rexi, rectum, control, rule. 

seu, conj., or. 

solvo,-ere, solvi, soliitum, free, release. 

tempus,-oris, n. time. 

traho,-ere, traxi, tractum, to carry with. 



LESSON VII. 

Fourth Declension. 

25. Decliue actus, casus. (103). 

Learn present indicative active of facio like) 
capio). (123). 

26. 1. Xnnus luctus. 

2. In casu extremes necessitatis 6mnia sunt 

communia. 

3. Xctus legis facit nemini 1 injuriam. 

4. Communis error facit jus. 

5. Breve judiciale non cadit pro defectu f6rm8B. 

1 See 132, XIII. 



12 FOURTH DECLENSION. Capio. 

6. Jura naturae sunt immutabilia. 

7. Lex prospicit, non respicit. 

8. Ang'liae jura in onani casu libertati 1 dant 

favorein. 

9. Non jus facit sed seisina facit stipitem. 

10. Lex nil frustra facit. 

11. Exceptio probat regulain. 

27. actus,-us, m. act. 

, aestimatio,-6nis, f. estimate, value. 
anuus,-i, m. year. 
l>reve,-is, n. writ. 
cado,-ere, cecidi, casum, fail. 
c£sus,-us, m. case, contingency. 
commiinis,-e, adj., common. 
defectus,-us, m. defect, error. 
exceptio,-6nis, f. exception. 
error,-6ris, m. mistake, error. 
extremus,-a,-um, adj., dire, extreme, urgent. 
facio,-ere, feci, factum, do, make. 
favor, -oris, m. boon, preference. 
frustra, adv., in vain. 
humanus,-a,-um, human. 
immutabilis,-e, adj., unchanging, immutable. 
judicialis,-e, judicial. 
libertas,-atis, f. liberty. 
liictus,-us. m. mourning. 
maims, -us, f. hand, custody. 
inortuus,-a,-am, adj., dead. 
probo,-are,-avi,-atum, prove. 
prospicio,-ere,-spexi,-spectum, look forward. 
regula,-se, f. rule. 

respicio,-ere,-spexi,-spectum, look backward. 
stipes,-itis, f. root, stock. 

^See 132, XIII. 



FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSION. 16 

LESSON VIII. 

Fourth and Fifth Declensions. 

28. Decline contractus, res, dies. (103), (104). 
Declitie finis, integer, magister. (102), (107 , 

(99). % 

29. 1. Contractus est quasi actus contra actum. 

2. Executio legis est finis et fructus legis. 

3. Ees Integra. 

4. Jus ad rem; jus in re. 

5. Bona fides ; bona fide. 

6. Mala fide. 

7. Dies Dominicus non est juridicus. 

8. Senatns popnlusqne Komanus. 

9. Magister verum usns; magistra rerum exper- 

ientia. 

10. Ad perpetuam rei memoriam. 

11. Fractionem diei 1 non recipit lex. 

12. Cursus curiae est lex curiae. 

30. contractus,-us, m. contract. 
curia,-*©, f. court 
cursus,-us, in. practice. 
dies,-ei, m. day. 

Dominicus,-a,-uin, adj., of tlie Lord. 
experientia,-ie, f. experience. 
fides,-ei, f. faith. 

finis,-is, m. end. 

^ee 132, XL 



14 PASSIVE VOICE. 

fractio,-6nis, f. fraction. 
fructus,-us, m. fruit, 
juridicus,-a,-um, adj., legal. 
magister,-tri, m. master. 
magistrate, f. mistress. 
mem6ria,-ae, f. memorial, memory. 
pars,-rtis, f. part. 
perp«5tuus,-a,-um, adj., continual. 
populus,-i, m. people. 
quasi, conj., aM if. 
res, rei, f. thing, affair. 
Romamis,-a,-um, adj., Roman. 
senatus,-us, m. senate. 
iisus,-us, m. custom, use. 



LESSON IX. 

Passive Voice. 

31. Learn present indicative passive of pondero, 

praesiimo, accipio, habeo. (120), (122), 
(121.) 

32. 1. Injuria nou praesumitur. 

2. Ponderantur testes non numerantur. 

3. Voluntas reputabatur pro facto. 

4. Omnia prsesuinuntur contra spoliatorein. 

5. Voluntas in delictis non exitus spectatur. 

6. Vir et uxor in lege putantur una persona. 

7. tltile per inutile non vitiatur. 

8. Con flrmatio est nulla ibi donum prsecedens 1 

est invalidum. 

1 See(131), IV. 



PASSIVE VOICE. 15 

9. Ubi nullum matiimonium ibi nulla dos. 

10. Ees judicata accipitur pro veritate. 

11. Ambiguitas verborum patens nulla verifica- 

tione excluditur. 

12. Invito beneficium non datur. 

33. accipio,-ere,-cepi,-ceptum, accept. 
beneficium,-i, n. benefit, advantage. 
confirmatio,-6nis, f. confirmation. 
dos, dotis, f. dower. 

excludo,-ere,-cliisi,-clusum, explain, clear up. 
exitus,-us, m. end, result. 
ifoi, adv., there. 

invalidus,-a,-um, adj., i7ivalid, void. , 

invitus,-a,-um, adj., unwilling. 
jiidico,-are,-avi,-dtum, adjudicate. 
niimero,-are,-avi,-atuiii, count. 
ndllus,-a,-um, adj., no (one). 
pdtens,-ntis, adj., patent. 
p6ndero,-are,-avi,-atum, weigh. 
pr8ecedens,-ntis, adj., precedent. 
pr8esiimo,-ere,-sumpsi,-sumptum, presume. 
piito,-are,-£vi,-&tum, regard. 
reputo,-are,-avi,-atum, consider. 
spoliatoi*,-6ris, m. wrongdoer. 
t^stis,-is, c. icitness. 
iinus,-a,-nm, adj., one. 
dxor,-oris, f. wife. 
verbum,-i, n. word. 
verific&tio,-6nis, f. proof. 
veritas,-atis, f. truth. 
vir,-viri, m. husband. 
voliintas,-atis, f. will. 



16 VERBS. 



LESSON X. 

34. Learn present and perfect indicative active of 

audio, and the present indicative passive of 
punio. (124). 
Decline pr8eveniens,prohibens, alter, like alius. 

(108), (109). 

35. 1. Terra transit cum onere 1 . 

2. Lex punit mendacium. 

3. Nemo punitur pro alieno delicto. 

4. Conventio et modus viucunt legem. 

5. Actio non datur non damnificato. 

6. Justitia est duplex ; severe puniens et v6re 

prsevenieus. 

7. Lex est sanctio sancta, jubens honestatem 

et prohibens contraria. 

8. Semper prsesumitur pro matrimonio. 

9. Semper prsesumitur pro legitimatione puer- 

6rum. 

10. Lex rejicit superflua, pugnantia, incongrua. 

11. Aequitas nunquam contravenit l§ges. 

12. Audi alteram partem. 

36. aliemis,-a,-um, adj., another's. 
alter,-a,-um, adj., other. 
audio,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum, hear. 
contrarius,-a,-um, adj., opposite. 
contravenio,-ire,-i,-ventum, thwart, run coun- 
ter to. 

1 Bee 132, XVII. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 17 

conventio,-onis, f. contract. 
cum, prep, with abl., with, in company with. 
damnific^tus,-a,-um, adj., injured, damnified. 
duplex,-icis, adj., two -fold. 
honestas,-atis, f. honesty. 
iuc6ngruus,-a,-um, adj., incongruous. 
jubeo,-ere, jiissi, jussum, command. 
legitimatio,-6nis, f. legitimacy. 
mendaeium,-i, n. falsehood. 
modus, -i, m. agreement. 
6nus,-eris, n. incumbrance. 
pars,-rtis, f. side. 

pra3venio,-ire,-i,-ventum, prevent by anticipat- 
ing. 
proliibeo,-ere,-ui,-itum,^reventf. 
puer,-eri, c. child. 
pugno,-are,-avi,-&tum, conflict. 
pdnio,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum,^« W j's/ i . 
rejicio,-ere,-jeci,-jectum, refuse, reject. 
sanctio,-dnis, f. oath. 
ganctus,-a,-um, adj., sacred. 
severe, adv., sevemiij. 
superfluus,-a,-um, adj., superfluous. 
traxiseo,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum, pass. 
vere, adv., truly. 
vinco,-ere, vici, victum, overcome. 



18 PARTICIPLES. GERUND. 



LESSON XL 

Perfect Passive Participle. Gerund. 

37. Learn the perfect passive participle of gero and 

the gerund of iuro. 
Learn perfect indicative active of capio (123.) 

38. 1. Stare decisis. 

2. l)e bonis non administratis. 

3. Non est inforniatus. 

4. Onus probandi. 

5. Animo furandi; animo testandi.. 

6. Mala prohibita. 

7. Jus scriptum aut non scriptum. 

8. Clausula^ inconsuetse semper inducnnt sus- 

picionem. 

9. Extra legem positus est civiliter mortuus. 

10. Cepi corpus et est languidus. 

11. Cepi corpus et paratum habeo. 

12. Ees gestae. 

39. ago,-ere,-egi,-actum, transact. 
capio, -t re, -cepi, -captum, take. 
civiliter, adv., civilly. 
claiisula,-ae, f. clause. 
decicio,-ere,-idi,-cisuin, decide. 
decisum,-i, n. decision. 
furor, -ari,-atus sum, steal. 
gero,-ere,-gessi,-gestum, transact. 
induco,-ere,-duxi,-ductum, excite. 



DEPONENT VERBS. 19 

inconsuetus,-a,-um, adj., unusual. 
informo,-are,-avi,-atuin, inform. 
languidus,-a,-um, adj., sick. 
paro,-are,-avi,-atum, 'prepare. 
pono,-ere, posui, positum, place. 
scribo,-ere,-scripsi, scriptum, write. 
sto, stare, steti, statu in, stand, abide. . 
suspicio,-6nis, f, suspicion. 
testor,-ari,-atus sum, make a will. 



LESSON XII. 

Deponent Verbs. 

40. Learn present indicative of sequor (125), mo- 

rior. 

41. 1. Justitia 1 firmatur solium. 

2. Aequitas legem sequitur 2 . 

3. Lex uno ore omnes alloquitur. 

4. Actio personalis moritur cum persona. 
5., Lex aliquando sequitur aequitatem. 

G. Rex nunquam moritur. 

7. Ex dole inalo actio non oritur. . ; 

8. Ex nudo pacto actio non oritur., 

!). Dormiunt leges aliquando, nunquam mori- 
un tur. 

10. Accessorium non ducit, sed sequitur suuiii 

principale. 

11. Lex non oritur ex injuria. 

] '2. Servitia personalia sequuutur personam. 

! See (132), XVII. 2 See (132), XXXV. 



20 SECOND PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 

42. accessorium,-i, n. accessory. 
aliquaudo, adv., sometimes. 

alldquor,-16qui,-lociitus sum, address, speak to. 
dolum,-i, n. device. 
dormio,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum, sleep. 
diico,-ere, diixi, drictum, lead. 
firmo,-are,-avi,-atum, strengthen. 
morior,-i(-iri), mortuus sum, die. 
midus,-a,-um, naked. 
6rior,-iri, ortus sum, arise, accrue. 
os,-dris, n. voice. 
personalis,-e, adj., personal. 
priucipale,-is, n. principal. 
sequor,-i, seedtus sum, follow. 
servitia,-6rum, n. plur. services. 
solium,-i, n. throne. 
suug,-a,-um, poss. pron., Ms. 



LESSON XIII. 

The Second Periphrastic Conjugation. 

43. Learn in this conjugation the present tense of 

negandus esse. 2 

44. 1. Lex non a r^ge 1 est violanda 2 . 

2. Justitia nemini neganda est. 

3. Facnltas probationum non est angustanda. 

4. In novo casu novum remediuin apponendum 

est. 

^ee 132, XXII. » See 132, XXXIV. 



SECOND PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 21 

5. Consuetudo observanda est. 

6. Allegans contraria non est audiendus. 

7. Allegans suarn turpitudiueiu non est audi- 

endus. 

8. Mens testatoris in testamentis spectanda est. 

9. Allegatio contra factum non est admittenda. 

10. Fides servanda est. 

11. Debitum in praesenti, solvendmn in futuro. 

12. Generalis regula geueraliterest intelligeuda. 

45. admitto,-ere,-misi, missum, admit. 
allegatio,-6nis, f. allegation. 
allego,-are,-avi,-atum, allege. 
aiigdsto,-are,-avi,-atum, restrict, limit. 
app6no,-ere,-p6sui,-p6situm, apply. 
audio,-ire,-ivi-(ii),-itum, hear. 
debitum,-i, n. debt. 

divino,-are,-avi,-atum, prophesy, forecast, fore- 
tell. 
facultas,-atis, f. opportunity. 
generalis,-e, adj., general. 
generaliter, adv., generally. 

intelligo,-ere,-lexi,-lectum, understand, inter- 
pret. 
mens,-ntis, f. intent. 
nego,-are,-avi,- atum, observe. 
praesens,-ntis, adj., present. 
prob£tio,-6nis, f. proof. 
servo,-are,-avi,-atum, keep, preserve. 
violo,-are,-avi,-atum, disregard. 



22 DEPONENTS. PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 

LESSON XIV. ! 

Deponents and Second Periphrastic Conjugation. 

46. Learn present indicative of mereor, admit ten- 

dus esse. 

47. 1. Ex facto jns oritur. 

2. Ad rem loquitur. 

3. Cogitationis poenam nemo meretur. 

4. Mobilia personam sequuntur. 

5. Partus sequitur ventrem. 

6. In verbis, non verba sed res et ratio qua> 

renda est. 

7. Fraus est odiosa et non proesumenda est. 

8. Iu republica maxime conservanda sunt jura 

belli. 

9. Juramentum est indivisibile et non est 

admittendum in parte verum et in parte 
falsum. 

10. Debita sequuntur personam debitoris. 

11. Ex turpe causa non oritur causa. 

12. Judex est lex loquens. 

48. bellum,-i, n. war. 
cogitatio,-6nis, f. thought. 
conservo,-are,-avi,-atum, observe, regard. 
debitor,-6ris, m. debtor. 

ex, prep. w. aid., from. 
indivisibilis,-e, adj., indivisible. 
jridex,-ieis, m. judge. 
juramentum, -i, n. on-th. 
16quor,-i, lociitus sum, speak. 



RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 23 

maxime, adv., especially. 

mereor,-eri, meritus sum, deserve. 

mobilia,-ium, n. plur., furniture, movables. 

ocliosus,-a,-um, adj., odious. 

partus,-us, m. offspring. 

poena,-.©, f. punishment. 

quaero,-ere, qnaesivi(-ii), quaesitum, inquire 

into. 
ratio,-6nis, f. reason. 
respiiblica,-ei,-8e, f. republic. 
tiirpis,-e, adj., base. 
venter, -tris, f. womb, mother. 
verus,-a,-um, adj., true. 



LESSON XV. 

Relative Pronouns. 

49. Decline qui (117). 

50. 1. Qui 1 non improbat, approbat. 

2. Nemo dat qui non liabet. 

3. Quod necessitas cogit, defendit. 

4. Qui sentit commodum, debet et sentire onus, 

at e contra. 

5. Qui baeret in litera, baeret in cortice. 

6. Quod ab initio non valet, in tractu temporis 

non convalescit. 

7. Error qui non restituitur approbatur. 

1 See 132, V. 



24 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

8. Quod vanum et inutile est, lex non requirit. 

9. Quod non apparet, non est. 

10. Haeres legitiums est quern tiuptiae demon- 

s trail t. 

11. Pater est quern nuptioe demonstrant. 

12. Fatetur facialis qui judicium fugit. 

51. appareo,-ere,-ui,-itum, appear. 

approbo,-are,-avi,-atum, approve. 
commodum,-i, n. advantage, benefit. 
convalesco,-valescere,-valui, — , gather strength. 
cortex,-icis, m. and f. baric. 
debeo,-ere,-ui,-itum, ought. 
defendo,-ere,-di,-sum, defend. 
demonstro,-are,-avi,-atum, indicate. 
et, adv., also. 
facinus,-oris, u. crime. 
fateor,-eri, fassus sum, confess. 
fugio,-ere, fugi, fugitum, fly from. 
haereo,-ere, liaesi, liaesum, cling to. 
improbo,-are,-avi,-atum, blame. 
legitimus,-a,-um, adj., legal, lawful. 
litera,-ae, f. letter. 
nuptise,-arum, f. plur. marriage. 
qui, qua?, quod, rel. pron., icho, which. 
requiro,-ere,-quisivi(-ii),-quisitum, require. 
restituo,-iiere,-ui, utum, correct. 
sentio,-tire,-si,-sum, enjoy, bear. 
vanus,-a,-um, adj. vain. 



PERSONAL AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS. 25 

LESSON XVI. 

Personal and Intensive Pronouns. 

52. Decline siii and ipse (115), (116). 

53. 1. Qui f'acit per alium facit per se. 

2. Qui non babet potestatem alien audi babet 

necessitatem retinendi. 

3. Quod non babet principium, non babet 

iinem. 

4. In curia Domini regis, ipse in propria per- 

sona jura discernit. 

5. Nihil quod inconveniens est licitum. 

6. In oiniii re nascitur res quae ipsa rein ex- 

termiuat. 

7. In traditionibus scriptorum, non quod dic- 

tum est sed quod gestuni est inspicitur. 

8. Frustra probatur quod probatuni non rele- 

vat. 

9. Malum in se. 

10. Crimen omnia ex se nata vitiat. 

11. Bis dat qui cito dat. 

54. alieno,-are,-avi,-atum, alienate. 
bis. uum, adv., twice. 

cito, adv., quickly. 
dico,-ere, dixi, dictuin, say. 
discemo,-ere,-crevi,-cretum, dispense. 
extermino,-are,-avi,-atum, destroy. 
inspicio,-ere,-spexi,-spectum, look into, ex- 
am hie. 



26 DEMONSTRATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 

ipse,-a,-um, demons, pron., himself, herself^ 

itself. 
licitus,-a,-um, lawful, legal. 
nascor,-i,-natus sum, generate, arise, be born. 
nil, nihil, indecl. u. nothing. 
potestas,-atis, f. power. 
principium,-i, n . beginning. 
proprius,-a,-um, one's own, peculiar, 
relevo,-are,-avi,-atum, be relevant. 
retineo,-ere,-ui, retentum, hold. 
scriptnm,-i, n. deed. 

siii, gen. of reflex, pron., of himself , herself, etc. 
traditio,-6nis, f. delivery. 



LESSON XVII. 

Demonstrative and Indefinite Pronouns. 

55. Decline is, idem, quis, quilibet. (116), (117). 

56. 1. Nemo bis punitnr pro eodem delicto. 

2. Cujus solum, ejus est usque ad coelura; et 

ad inferos. 

3. Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui 

negat. 

4. Qui in utero est, pro jam nato babetur, quo- 

ties de ejus commodo quaeritur. 

5. XJbi eadem ratio ibi idem lex, et de similibus 

idem est judicium. 

6. De non apparentibus et de non existentibus 

eadem est ratio. 

7. In quo quis delinquit, in eo de jtire est pu- 

niendus. 



DEMONSTRATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 27 

8. Jus naturale est quod apud omnes homines 

eandem potentiam habet. 

9. Jus est norma recti; et quicquid est contra 

normani recti est injuria. 
10. Felonia implicatur in qualibet proditione. 

57. apud, prep. w. ace, among. 

coelum,-i, n. sJcy. 

commodum,-i, n. benefit. 

de, prep. w. abl., according to. 

delinqiio,-ere,-liqui,-lictum, be wanting, offend. 

dico,-ere,-xi,-ctum, affirm. 

Iel6nki,-a3, f. felony. 

habeo,-ere,-ui,-itum, hold, consider. 

idem, eadem, idem, demons, pron., the same. 

implico,-are,-avi( -ui ),-atum ( -itum ), imply. 

inciimbo,-ere,-ciibui,-ciibitiim, rest upon. 

ini'erus,-a-um, adj., belonging to the Lower 
World. 

injuria,-se, f. wrong. 

is, ea, id, demons, pron., he, she, it, this, that. 

naturalis,-e, adj., natural. 

norma,-*, f. rule. 

potentia,-se, f. power. 

proditio,-onis, f. treason. 

quilibet, quaelibet, quddlibet, indef. pron., any 
hind of. 

quisquis, quaequse, quicquid, indef. pron., any- 
thing, something. 

ratio,-6nis, f. rule, reason. 

rectum,-i, n. right, truth. 

similis,-e, adj., Wee. 

solum,-i, ii. soil. 

usque, adv. all the way up to. 

uterus,-i, m. womb. 



28 SUBJECTIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE. 

LESSON XVIII. 

Subjective and Complementary Infinitive. 

58. Note present infinitives active and passive of all 

conjugations. (120), (121), (122), (123), 
(124). 

59. l. Cujus 1 est dare, ejus est dispouere. 

2. Idem nihil dicere et insufficienter dicere. 

3. Merito beneficium legis ainittit qui legem, 

ipsani subvertere in tend it. 

4. Nemo adniittendus est inhabilitare se ipsum. 

5. Arbor dum crescit ; lignum cum crescere 

neseit. 

6. Fratis est celare fraudem. 

7. Aqua currit et debet currere. 

8. Id quod commune est, nostrum esse dicitur. 

9. Judicium non debet illusorium ; suum effec- 

tum habere debet. 

10. Jus dicere, non jus dare. 

11. C6ntra non valentem agere nulla currit 

preescrpitio. 

12. Nemo se aecusare debet, nisi coram Deo. 

60. acciiso,-are,-avi,-atum, accuse. 
amitto,-ere, amisi, amissuui, lose. 
aqua,-a3, f. water. 
arbor,-6ris, f. tree. 
celo,-are,-avi,-atum, conceal. 
cresco,-ere,-crevi, crettun, grow. 

'See 132, XII. 



SUBJECTIVE INFINITIVE. 29 

cum, conj., when. 
ciirro,-ere, cuciirri, ciirsum, run. 
dispono,-ere,-p6sui,-pdsitum, dispose. 
effectum,-i, n. effect. 
illusdriiis,-a,-um, adj., illusory. 
inhaDilito,-are,-avi,-atum, incapacita te. 
insufficienter, adv., insufficiently. 
intendo,-dere,-di,-tum( -sum), strive. 
ligmim,-i, n. wood. 
merito, adv., deservedly. 
nisi, conj., unless. 
nescio,-scire,-scivi,(scii),-scitiim, cease, be un 

able. 
noster,-tra,-trum, poss. pron., our, ours. 
prsescriptio,-6nis, f. prescription. 
subverto,-ere,-ti,-sum, overturn. 

valeo,-ere,-ui, , be able to act. 

suus,-a,-um, pass, pron., his, her, its. 



LESSON XIX. 

61. Subjective and Complementary Infinitive. — 

Continued. 

62. l. Judices non tenentur exprimere causam sen- 

tential suae. 

2. Judicis 1 est judicare secundum allegata et 

probata. 

3. Jurare est Deum in testemvo care ; et est- 

actus divini cultus. 

»See 132, XII. 



30 COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE. 

4. Bonijudicis 1 lites dirimere est. 

5. Casus fortuitus non est spectanda et nSnio 

tenetur divinare. 

6. Nemo tenetur armare adversarium contra se. 

7. Debitor non prsesumitur donare. 

8. Nemo debet judex in pr6pria causa. 

9. Kex non debet judicare, sed secundum legem. 

10. Scribere est agere. 

11. Verba debent intelligi cum effectu, 

12. Boui judicis 1 est ampliare jurisdictionem. 

68. a^iiplio,-are,-avi,-&tum, enlarge. 
armo,-are,-£vi,-atum, arm. 
casus,-us, m. event. 
cultus,-us, m. worship. 
dirimo,-Imere,-emi,-emptum, remove. 
divinus,-a,-um, adj., divine. 
d6no,-£re,-ari,-£tum, give. 
fortiiitus,-a,-um, adj., fortuitous. 
judico,-£re,-£vi,-atum, judge. 
jurisdictio,-6nis, f. jurisdiction. 
jiiro,-are,-avi,-atum, swear. 
pretium,-i, n. price. 
sententia,-ae, f. opinion. 
vendo,-ere, vendidi, venditum, sell. 

l See 132, XII. 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 31 

LESSON XX. 

Regular Comparison of Adjectives. 

64. For comparison vid. (110). 

65. 1. Firmior et potentior est operatio legis quam 

dispositio hominis. 

2. F6rtior est custodia legis quam hominis. 

3. Lex tutissima cassis, sub clypeo legis nemo 

decipitur. 

4. Domus sua cuique 1 tutissimum refiigium. 

5. Testamenta latissimum interpretationem 

habere debent. 

6. In criminalibus probationes debent esse 

clariores luce 2 . 

7. Lex est exercitus judicium tutissimus ductor. 

8. Peccata contra naturam sunt gravissima. 

9. Non est arctius vinculum inter homines 

quam jusjurandum. 

10. Argumentum ab auctoritate fortissimum est 

in lege. 

11. Omnia delicta in aperto leviora sunt. 

12. In pari delicto potior est conditio possi- 

dentis. 

66. apertus,-a,-um, adj., open. 
arctus,-a-,um, adj., binding. 
auctoritas,-atis, f. authority. 
cassis-,idis, f. helmet. 

l 8ee 132, XIV. 'See 132, XXL 



32 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

clarus,-a,-um, adj., clear, plain. 
clypeus,-i, m. protection. 
conditio,-6nis, f. condition. 
criminaiis»-e, criminal. 

decipio,-ere,-c£pi,-ceptnm, deceive, impose upon. 
dispositio,-6nis, f. disposition. 
domus,-i,-(us), f. house. 
drictor,-6ris, m. leader. 
exercitus,-us, id. army. 
firmus,-a,-um, adj., strong. 
fortis,-e, adj., powerful. 
gravis,-e, adj., severe, heinous. 
homo, -in is, c. man. 

interpret£tio,-onis, f. construction, interpreta- 
tion. 
jusjurandum,-ris,-i, n. oath. 
hitiis,-a,-um, liberal, broad. 
lux,-Iucis, f. light. 
operatio,-6nis, operation. 
peccaturn,-i, n. crime. 
potens,-ntis, adj., powerful. 
potis,-e, adj., powerful. 
reftigium,-i, n. refuge. 
vinculum,*!, n. Hnle. 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 



LESSON XX I. 

irregular Comparison of Adjectives. 

67. For irregular comparison vid. (111.) 

68. 1. Optima legum interpres est eonsuetudo. 

2. Leges posteriores priores contrarias abro- 

gant. 

3. Argurnentum ab impotentia plurimum valet 

in lege. 

4. Maximus erroris populus magister est. 

5. Melior est conditio possidentis ubi neuter 

habet jus. 

6. datura vis maxima est. 

7. Contemporanea expositio est 6ptima et for- 

tissiina in lege. 

8. De minimis lex non curat, 

{). Cnfalla reputabantur inter minima in lege. 

10. Confessio, facta in judicio, omni probatione 

major est. 

11. Necessitas publica est major quam privata. 

12. In fequali jure melior est conditio possi- 

dentis. 

69. abrogo,-are,-avi,-atum, repeal, abrogate. 
aeqnalis,-e, adj., equal. 

catallum,-i, n. chattel. 
confessio,-6nis, f. confession. 
contemporaneus,-a,-um, adj. , contemporaneous. 
euro, -are, -avi,-atum, bother with, care for. 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

expositio,-onis, f. interpretation. 
impotentia,-se, f. impotence. 
interpres,-etis, c. interpreter. 
magnus,-a,-um, adj., large, great. 
mater,-tris, f. mother. 
nuUtus,-a,-um, adj., much, many. 
parvus,-a,-um, adj., small. 
posterior,-ius, adj., following. 
possidens,-ntis, c. possessor. 
primus,-a,-um, adj., first. 
privatus,-a,-um, adj., private. 
piiWicus,-a,-um, adj., public. 



LESSON XXII. 

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives. — Continued. 

(ill.) 

70. 1. Acta exteriora indicant interiora secreta. 

2. Judiciis posterioribus fides est adhibenda. 

3. Impunitas semper ad deteriora invitat. 

4. Mors dicitur tiltiuium supplicium. 

5. Qui prior est tempore potior est jure. 

6. In jure non rem6ta causa sed proxirna spec- 

tatur. 

7. Salus p6puli est suprema lex. 

8. Majus continet minus. 

9. Ultima voluntas testatoris est perimplenda 

secundum veram intentionem suam. 
10. Majus est delictum se ipsum occidere quam 
alium. 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 35 

11. Sum ma ratio est quae pro religione facit. 

12. Optimus iiiterpres est usus. 

actum,-i, n. act. 

adhibeo,-ere,-hit>ui,-hibitum, give to. 
contineo,-ere,-ui,-tentum, contain. 
(deterus, not used) deterior,-ius and superl., 

adj., bad. 
exterus,-a,-um, outward. 
fides,-ei, f. credit. 
impunitas,-atis, f. impunity. 
indico,-are,-avi,-atnm, indicate, reveal. 
intentio,-6nis, f. intention. 
(interus, not used) interior,-ius and superl 

adj., within. 
occido,-ere,-cidi,-cisum, Mil. 
periinpleo,-ere,-evi,-etum, carry out, execute. 
posterus,-a,-um, adj., following. 
prdpior,-ius, compar. adj., nearer. 
quam, adv., than. 
religio,-6nis, f. religion. 
remotus,-a,-um, adj., remote. 
salus,-iitis, f. safety. 
secretum,-i, n. secret. 
semper, adv., always. 
superus,-a,-um, adj., above. 
supplicium,-i, n. punishment. 
tempus,-oris, n. time. 
ulterior, -ius, compar. adj., farther. 



36 COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 

LESSON XXIII. 

Comparison of Adverbs. 

72. Formation and comparison of adverbs. (112) 

73. 1. Judex non reddit plus quam quod petens 

ipse requirat. 

2. Verba cliartorum fortius accipiuntur ccmtra 

proferentem. 

3. Plus valet units oceulatus testis quam auriti 

decern. 

4. Ad ea quEe freqnentius accidunt jura adap- 

tantur. 

5. In re dubia magis inticiatio quam affirm at io 

iutelligenda. 
G. Multa exercitatione facilius quam regulis 
percipies. 

7. Cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur in 

testamentis, ultimum latum est. 

8. In testamentis plenius testatoris iuten-. 

tionem serutamur. 

9. Lex plus laudatur quando ratione proba- 

tions 

10. Quod prius est verius et quod prius est tem- 

pore potius est jure. 

11. Interpretare et con cord are leges legibus est 

optimus interpretandi modus. 

12. Bex est major singulis, minor universis. 

74. accido,-ere,-cidi, , happen. 

adapto,-are,-avi,-atum, suit, adapt. 



COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 

affirmatio,-6nis, f. affirmation. 
auritus,-i, m. ear witness. 
conc6rdo,-are,-avi,-atum, reconcile. 
decern, indecl. adj., ten. 
dtibius,-a,-um, adj., doubtful. 
duo, dure, duo, mum. adj., tivo. 
exercitatio,-6nis, f. exercise, practice. 
facile, adv., easily. 
frequens,-ntis, adj., frequent. 
innciatio,-6nis, f. negative. 
interpreto,-are,-avi,-atum, interpret. 
laudo,-are,-avi,-atum, pra ise. 
mddus,-i, m. method. 
occulatus,-i, m. eye witness. 
percipio,-ere,-cepi,-ceptum, perceive. 
plene, adv., especially. 
pr61)o,-are,-avi,-atum, suppose. 
pr6fero,-ferre,-tuli,-]atum, offer. 
ratus,-a,-um, considered. 
reddo,-ere,-didi,-ditum, give. 
requiro,-ere,-sivi(-ii),-situm, aslc. 
scrutor,-ari,-atus sum, scrutinize. 
siuguli,-ae,-a, adj., individuals. 
universus,-a,-uui, adj., everybody. 



38 IRREGULAR VERBS. Posse. 

LESSON XXIV. I 

Posse. 

75. Learn the present indicative of posse. (127). 

76. 1. Nemo potest plus juris 1 ad alium transferre 

quam ipse habet. 
2 Meliorem conditioner suam facere potest 
minor, deteriorem nequaquam. 

3. Derivative potestas non potest esse major 

primitiva. 

4. Consensus non con cubitus facit matrim6- 

nium ; et consentire non possunt ante 
annos nubiles. 

5. Judex non potest esse testis in propria 

causa. 

6. Judex non potest injuriam sibi datam punire. 

7. Lex non deficere potest in justitia exhibenda. 

8. In alta proditione nullus potest esse acces- 

sorius sed principalis solummodo. 

9. Dens solus hseredem facere potest, non 

homo. 

10. Nemo potest facere per alium quod per se 

non potest. 

11. Nullus commodum capere potest de sua in- 

juria. 

77. accessorius,-a,-um, adj., accessory. 
amms,-i, n. year. 

l See 132, XI. 



Prodesse. Deesse. 39 

ante, prep. w. ace, before. 
capio,-ere, cepi, captum, receive. 
concubitus,-us, m. cohabitation. 
coiisensus,-us, m. consent. 
coiisentio,-tire,-si,-sum, consent. 
deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectmii, fail. 
derivatious,-a,-um, adj., derived. 
exhibeo,-ere,-ui,-iiim, mete out, dispense. 
nequaquam, adv., never. 
niibilis,-e. adj., marriageable. 

possum, posse, potui, , be able. 

potestas,-atis, f. power. 
primitivus,-a,-um, adj., original. 
principalis,-is, m. principal. 
solummodo, adv., only. 
transfero,-ferre,-tiili,-latiim, transfer. 



LESSON XXV. 

Posse, Prodesse, Deesse. 

78. Learn present indicative of prodesse and de- 

esse (128). 

79. l. Nemo potest contra recordum verificare per 

patriain. 

2. Qui potest et debet vetare, et non vetat, 

jubet. 

3. Nemo potest consilium suum in alterius in- 

juriam. 

4. Ubi non est principale non esse potest acces- 

sorius. 



40 Prodesse. Deesse. 

5. Rex quod injustum est faeere non potest. 

6. Felix qui potuit lerum coguoscere causas. 

7. Jusjuranduin iuter alios factum uec uocere 

nee prodesse debet. 

8. Onniis inuovatio plus novitate perturbat 

qnam utilitate prodest. 

9. Qui uou ob.stat quod obstare p6test faeere 

videtur. 

10. Nil facit error uominis, cum de corpore con- 

stat. 

11. Quod necessarie intelligitur id non deest. 

12. Seutentia interlocutaria revocari potest, de- 

finitiva uon revocari. 

80. alter,-era,-erum, adj., another. 

cog'iiosco,-ere,-novi,-nitum, ascertain. 
consilium, -i, n. -plan. 
consto,-are,-stiti,-statum, appear. 
corpus, -oris, n. person. 

desum,-esse,-fui, , he wanting. 

deiinitivus,-a,-um, adj., final. 
felix,-icis, adj., fortunate. 
injiistus,-a,-um, adj., unjust. 
innovatio,-6nis, f. innovation. 
interlocutarius,-a,-um, adj., interlocutory. 
jut>eo,-ere, jtissl, jussum, command. 
nvuto,-are,-avi,-atum, change. 
nee, couj., nor. 
necessarie, adv., necessarily. 
noceo,-ere,-ui,-itum, do harm. 
nomen,-inis, n. name. 
novitas,-atis, f. novelty. 
6bsto,-are,-stiti,-statiim, prevent. 
p£tria,-8e ? f. country, jury. 
perturbo,-are,-avi,-atum, disarrange. 



Fieri. Ire. 41 

prdsum, prodesse, profui, , do good. 

principale,-is, n. principal. 
rec6rdum,-i, n. record. 
revoco,-are,-avi,-atum, reca 11. 
sententia,-ae, f. decree, judgment. 
utilitas,-atis, f. utility. 
verifico,-are,-avi,-atum, verify. 
veto,-are,-ui,-itum, forbid. 



LESSON XXVI. 

Fieri. Ire. 
Learn present indicative of fieri and ire (130). 

1. Ex prsecedentibus et consequeutibus optima 

fit interpretatio. 

2. Volenti non fit injuria. 

3. Mentiri est contra menteni ire. 

4. Louga possessio haeret jus possidendi et tollit 

actionem vero domino. 

5. Interruptio multiplex non tollit praescriptio- 

nem semel obtentam. 

6. Consensus tollit errorem. 

7. Subsequens matrimonium tollit peccatum 

pnecedens. 

8. Poena potest Solli, culpa perennis est. 

9. Quoties iu verbis nulla est ambiguitas ibi 

nulla expositio contra expressa fienda est. 

10. Delegatus potestas non potest delegari. 

11. Minor jurare non potest. 

12. Ex nihil nil fit. 



42 Praeferre. 

83. consequens,-ntis, adj., following, 
culpa,-ae, f. guilt, crime. 
delegatus,-a,-um, adj. conferred, delegated. 
eo, ire, ivi, (ii), itum, go. 
expositio,-6nis, f. exposition. 
exprimo,-ere,-pressi,-pressum, express. 
fio, fieri, factus sum, become, be made. 
mens,-ntis, f. mind. 
mentior,-iri,-itus sum, Me. 
multiplex, -icis, adj., multiplex. 
obtineo,-ere,-ui,-ntum, acquire. 
peccatum,-i, n. wrong, fault. 
perennis,-e, adj., perpetual. 
prsecedens,-ntis, n. precedent. 
quoties, adv., as often as. 
ruo,-ere, rui, rutum, fall. 
semel, adv., once. 
subsequens,-ntis, adj.. subsequent. 
tollo,-ere, siistuli, sublatum, remove. 
volo, velle, volui, , wish. 



LESSON XXVII 

Prseferre. 

84. Learn present indicative of praefero. (131). 

85. 1. Certuni est quod certum reddi potest. 

2. Lex nou novit patrem nee inatrem; s61am 

veritatem. 

3. Lex Angliae nunquam sine Parliamento niu- 

tare nou potest. 

4. Nemo potest esse tenens et dominus. 

5. Nemo c6ntra factum suuin venire p6test. 
C. Eex non potest peccare. 



Prseferre. 43 

7. Qui tacet, consentire videtur. 

8. Benignior sententia in verbis generalibus seu 

dub iis est prsef'erenda. 

9. Oirme sacramentum debet esse de certa 

scientia. 

10. Quando jus domini regis et subditi concur - 

runt, jus regis praeferri debet. 

11. Lex citius tolerare vult privatum damnum 

quam publicum malum. 

12. Filiatio non potest probari. 

86. benignus,-a,-uni, adj., favorable. 
certus,-a,-um, adj., certain. 
cito, adj., quiclcly. 

concurro,-ere,-ciirri,-cursum, concur. 
diibius,-a,-um, adj., ambiguous, doubtful. 
iiliatio,-6nis, f. copulation, affiliation. 
generalis,-e, adj., general. 
malum,-i, n. misfortune. 
ndsco,-ere, novi, ndtum, recognize. 
Parliamentum,-i, n. Parliament. 
praefero,-lerre,-tuli,-l£tum, prefer. 
quando, adv., when. 
reddo,-dere,-didi,-ditum, make, 
sacramentum, -i, u. oath. 
scientia,-se, f. knowledge. 
sententia,-ae, f. construction. 
subditus,-i, m. subject. 
solus,-a,-um, adj., alone. 
tenens,-ntis, c. tenant. 
t61ero,-are,-£vi,-atum, permit. 
v^nio,-ire,-vdni,-ventum, go. 
veritas,-atis, f. truth. 
videor,-eri, visum est, seem, appear. 



44 VEKBS WITH SPECIAL CASES. 

LESSON XXVIII. 

Verbs Controlling Special Cases. 

07. 1. Nemo prohibetur pluribus defensionibus uti. 

2. Alienatio rei prsefertur juri accrescendi. 

3. Bouus judex secundum aequum et bonum 

jiidicat et oequitatem stricto juri praefert 

4. Jura publica auteferenda privatis (juribus). 

5. Jus accrescendi oneribus praBfertur. 

6. Vigilantibus et non clormientibus subv6- 

Diunt. 

7. Actori incumbit 6nus probandi. 

8. Assignatus tititur jure auctoris. 

9. Lex succurrit ignorauti. 

10. Minatur innocentibus qui parcit nocentibus. 

11. Ees inter alios acta alteri nocere non debet. 

12. Boui judicis est judicium sine dil4ti6ne 

mandare executioni. 

88. abuiidans,-ntis, adj., abundant. 

accresco,-ere,-evi,-etum, increase. 
actor,-6ris, m. plaintiff. 
a£quus,-a,-um, adj., just. 
alienatio,-6ris, f. alienation. 
antefero,-ferre,-tuli, -latum, w. dat., prefer. 
assignatus,-i, m. assignee. 
aiictor,-6ris, m. assignor. 
cautela,-se, f. caution. 
defensio,-6nis, f. defense. 
dormiens,-ntis, c. sleeping person. 
ignorantia,-8e, f. ignorance. 



VEKBS WITH SPECIAL CASES. 45 

incilmbo,-ere,-c^bui,-ciibitum, w. dat., rest 

lipoll. 

iimoceus,-ntis, c. innocent person. 
miuor,-ari,-atus sum, threaten. 
uoceiis,-iitis, c. a ivrong-doer, guilty person. 
praefero, -ierre,-tuli, -latum, prefer. 
parco,-ere, peperci (parsi), parcitum or par- 
sum, w. dat., spare. 
prohibeo,-ere,-ui,-itum, prevent. 
sub venio,-ire,-i, -turn, w . dat., come to the aid 

of- 
succurro,-ere,-i,-cursum, w. dat., come to the 

aid of. 
xitor, uti, ilsus sum, w. abl., enjoy, use. 
vigilans,-iitis, c. 'watchful person. 



LESSON XXIX. 

Verbs Controlling Special Oases. — Continued. 

SO. i. Quicqnid plantatur solo, solo cedit. 

2. Quod constat curiae opere testium non in - 

diget. 

3. Verba intentioni, non e contra, debent in- 

servire. 

4. Absoluta sententia expositione non indiget. 

5. Intentio inservire debet legibus, non leges 

intentioni. 

6. Pacta privata juri publico non derogare pos- 

sunt. 

7. Conventio privatorum non p6test publico 

juri derogare. 



46 VERBS WITH SPECIAL CASES. 

8. Lex non favet delicat6ruin votis. 

9. Nemo praesumitur esse inimemor suss seter- 

nae salutis, et maxime in articulo mortis. 

10. Fictio cedit veritati; fictio juris non est ubi 

Veritas. 

11. Abundans eautela non nocet. 

12. Aedificare in tuo pioprio solo non licet quod 

alteri nocet. 

13. Nemo cogitur suam rem vendere etiam justo 

pretio. 

GO. al)soliitus,-a,-iim, adj., absolute. 
ac, conj., and. 

articulus,-i, m. article, moment, grasp. 
cedo,-ere, cessi, cessum, pass, go. 
conventio,-6nis, f . convention, contract. 
delicatus,-i, m. dainty person. 
derogo,-are,-avi,-atum, detract from. 
faveo, favere, favi,-faiitum, w. dat., favor. 
fictio,-6nis, f. fiction. 
immemor,-is, adj., unmindful. 

indigeo,-ere,-ui, , w. gen. or abl., be in want 

of. 
inservio,-ire,-ivi(ii),-itum, w. dat., be subser- 
vient to. 
dpus,-eris, n. assistance. 
pactum,-i, n. agreement. 
planto,-are,-avi,-atum, affix, annex. 
strictus,-a,-um, adj., strict. 
tutus,-a,-um., adj., safe. 
votum,-i, n. wish. 



ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 47 

LESSON XXX. 

Ablative Absolute. 

91. 1. Cessante causa, x cessat effectus. 

2. Cessante rati6ne legis cessat ipsa lex. 

3. Duo non possunt in s61ida unam rem possi- 

dere. 

4. Actio non accrevit infra sex annos 2 . 

5. Ratio est legis aniina; niutata legis rati6ne 

mutatur et lex. 

6. Reprobata pecunia liberat solventem. 

7. Sublato fundamento, cadit opus. 

8. Crescente malitia crescere debet et poena. 

9. Legibus sumptis desinentibus, leges naturae 

utenduin est. 

10. Pendente lite niliil innovetur. 

11. Sublata causa, tollitur effectus. 

92. accresco,-ere,-evi,-etum, accrue. 
inima,-ie, f. soul, life. 
c^sso,-are,-£vi,-atum, cease. 
cresco,-ere,-evi,-etum, increase. 
desino,-ere,-ii (ivi),-itum, fail. 
effectus,-us, m. effect. 
fundamentum,-i, n. foundation. 
infra, prep., within. 
innovo,-are,-avi,-atum, introduce. 
libero,-are,-avi,-atum, absolve, discharge. 
lis,-litis, f. suit. 

1 See 1 3 2 XXIII. » See 1 3 2 XXVI. 



4S SUBJUNCTIVE. 

malitia,-se, f. malice. 

6pus,-eris n. structure. 

pecimia,-se, f. money. 

pendo, pendere, pependi, pen sum, continue. 

reprobo,-are,-avi,-atum, refuse. 

sex, inclecl. num., six. 

solidus,-a,-um, adj., entire. 

solvo,-ere, i, soliitum, free, release. 

suffero,-ferre, siistuli, sublatum, remove. 






LESSON XXXI. 

Subjunctive. 

93. 1. Caveat emptor 1 ; caveat venditor. 

2. Ut poena ad paucos, metus ad omnes per- 

veniat 2 . 

3. Bespondeat superior. 

4. Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas 3 . 

5. Qui peceat ebrius, luat l sobrius. 

6. Interpretatio nenda est ut res magis valeat 3 

quain pereat 3 . 

7. Niillus recedat 1 e curia can cellaria sine re- 

medio. 

8. Fieri faciat; scire facias. 

9. Non faciat malum ut iude veniat 2 bonum. 

10. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit 4 rea. 

11. Cassetur 1 billa. 

12. Habeas l corpus. 



1 See 132, XXXII. 3 See 132, XXVII. 

2 See 132, XXVII. *See 132, XXIII. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 49 

94. t>illa,-8e, f. writ, bill. 

cancellarius,-a,-um, of chancery, of equity. 

c&sso,-are,-avi,-atum, quash. 

caveo,-ere, cavi, cautum, beware. 

el>rius,-a,-um, adj., intoxicated. 

emptor,-6ris, m. buyer. 

fio, fieri, factus sum, be made. 

inde, adv., thence. 

laeelo,-ere, laedi, laesum, injure. 

luoj-ere, lui, liitum, expiate. 

malum,-i, n. wrong. 

mens,-ntis, f. intent. 

metus,-us, m. fear. 

pauci,-6rum, m. few. 

pecco,-are,-avi,-atum, do wrong. 

pereo,-ire,-ii (ivi),-itum, fail, fall. 

pervenio,-ire,-veni,-ventum, come upon. 

reus,-a,-um, adj., criminal. 

reus,-i, m. a guilty person. 

recedo,-cedere,-cessi,-cessum, depart from. 

scio,-ire,-ivi,-itum, Jcnoio. 

sic, adv., so, in such a manner. 

sobrius,-a,-um, adj., sober. 

superior,-6ris, e. principal. 

tuus,-a,-um, poss. proii., your, yours. 

ut, conj., in order that. 

va!eo,-ere,-ui, , stand. 

veiiditor,-6ris, m. purchaser. 



50 SUBJUNCTIVE. 



LESSON XXXII. 



Subjunctive.— Continued. Accusative and Infini- 
tive. 

05. 1. Non definitur injure quid sit 1 conatus. 

2. Conditio praecedens adimpleri debet prius- 

qnam sequatur 2 . 

3. Qui non probibet cum probiberi possit 3 in 

culpa est. 

4. Diseretio est discernere per legem quid sit 1 

jusriiin. 

5. Doti lex favet ; praemium pudoris est, ideo 

parcatur 

6. Lex non requirat verificari quod apparet 

curias 

7. Non decipitur qui scit se* decipi 

8. Interest republican suprema hoiuinuni testa- 

menta rata baberi. 

9. Lex intendit viciuum vicinii facta scire. 

10. Furor contrabi matrimonium non sinit, 

quia consensus opus est. 

11. Anna in arniatos sutnere jura sinunt. 

12. Interest reipublicae res judicatas non res- 

cind i. 

96. adimpleo,-ere,-evi,-etum, fulfill. 
appareo,-ere,-ui,-itum, appear. 
armatus,-i, ni. an armed person. 

1 8ee 132, XXX. 8 See 132, XXIX. 

2 See 132, XXVIII. *See 132, XXVT. 



ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE. 51 

conatus,-us, m. attempt. 

c6ntraho,-ere,-traxi,-tractum, contract, con- 
summate. 

ctilpa,-ae, f. fault 

decipio,-ere,-cepi,-ceptum, deceive. 

definio,-ire,-ivi-(ii),-itum, define. 

discerno,-ere,-crevi,-cretum, ascertain. 

discretio,-6nis, f. discretion. 

dos, dotis, f. dower. 

ftiror,-6ris, m. passion. 

ideo, adv., on that account 

intendo,-ere,-di,-tentuni, presume. 

intersum,-esse,-fui, interest to. 

Justus, -a,-um, adj., just. 

opus esse, to be necessary. 

pareo,-ere, peperci (parsi) parcitum (parsum) 
preserve. 

praemium,-i, n. reward. 

pritisquam, conj., before. 

pudor,-dris, m. virtue. 

quia, conj., because. 

quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron., what. 

ratus,-a,-um, adj., regarded, confirmed. 

rescindo,-ere,-sci<Ii,-scissum, disregard. 

sino,-ere, sivi, sit um, permit. 

sumo,-ere, sump si, siimptum, to take up. 

vicinus,-i, in. neighbor. 



52 



NOUNS. 



NOUNS. 



97. The Latin has six cases: 



NAMES. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. 

Nominative, Nominative. 

Genitive, Possessive or Objective 

with of. 
Dative, Objective with to or for, 

Accusative, Objective. 

Vocative, Nominative In depen 

dent. 
Ablative, Objective with from 

with, by, in. 

1. Oblique Cases. — The Genitive, Dative, Ac 

cusative and Ablative are called the Ob 
lique Cases. 

2. Vocative. — The Vocative is like the Nomina 

tive, unless otherwise indicated. 



NOUNS. 
98. First Declension.— A— Stems. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

N. persona, a person. personam, persons. 

G. personam, of a per- personarum, of persons, 

son. 

D. persona?, to or for pers6nis, to or for per I 

a person. sons. 

Ac. personam, a per- pers6nas, persons. 

son. 

Ab. persona, with a personis, with persons. 

person. 



NOUNS. 

SECOND DECLENSION. 
O— Stems. 



53 





SINGULAB. 


PLUEAL. 


23" 


bonus 


b6ni 


G. 


boni 


bonorum 


D. 


bono 


bonis 


Ac. 


bonum 


bonos 


Ab. 


bono 


bonis 




SINGULAB. 


PLUEAL. 


K 


amicus 


amici 


G. 


amici . 


amicorum 


D. 


araico 


amicis 


Ac. 


amicum 


arnicos 


Ab. 


amico 


amicis 



a. The vocative singular of* nouns in -us of 
the second declension has a special form in -e: 
amice. 





SINGULAE. 


PLUEAL. 


K 


douuni 


dona 


G. 


doni 


donorum 


D. 


dono 


donis 


Ac. 


donum, 


dona 


Ab. 


dono 


donis 




SINGULAB. 


PLUEAL. 


N. 


puer 


pueri 


G. 


ptieri 


puer6rum 


D. 


puero 


pueris 


Ac. 


puerum. 


pueros 


Ab. 


puero 


pueris 




SINGULAB. 


PLUEAL. 


7S. 


magister 


magistri 


G. 


magistri 


magistrorum 



54' 







NOUNS. 


D. 


magistro 


m agist ris 


Ac. 


magistrum 


magistros 


Ab. 


magistro 


magistris 




SINGL'LAE. 


PLUEAL. 


N. 


filius 


filii 


G. 


fili, filii 


filio rum 


D. 


filio 


filiis 


Ac. 


filium 


filios 


Ab. 


filio 


filiis 


a. 


The vocatrv 


e singular of filius 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


K 


consilium 


cousilia 


G. 


consili, con 


silii consiliorum 


D. 


cousilio 


consiliis 


Ac. 


consilium 


cousilia 


Ab. 


cousilio 


consiliis 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



100. 







Mute 


Stems. 




SINGULAB. 


PLUEAL. 


N. 


pax 




paces 


G. 
D. 


pacis 
paci 








pacibus 


Ac 


pacem 




paces 


Ab. 


pace 




pacibus 




SINGULAB. 


PLURAL^ 


N. 


rex 




reges 


G. 


regis 




r^gum 


D. 


regi 




regibus 


Ac. 


re gem 




reges'' 


Ab. 


rege 




regibus 



NOUNS. 



55 



SINGULAR. 

N. comes 

G. comitis 

D. comiti 

Ac. comiteni 

Ab. comite 

SINGULAR. 

N. caput 

G. capitis ■ 

D. capiti 

Ac. caput 

Al). capite 

SINGULAR. 

N. aetas 

G. aetatis 

D. serati 

Ac. setatem 

Ab. setate 

SINGULAR. 

N. fraus 

G. fraudis 

D. fraud i. 

Ac. fraudem 

Ab. fraude 

SINGULAR. 

N. haeres 

G. hseredis 

D. haeredi 

Ac. liaeredem 

Ab. liaerede 

SINGULAR. 

N. servitus 
G. servitutis 



PLURAL. 

comites 
comitum 
comiti bus 
comites 
comitibus 

PLURAL. 

capita 

capitum 

capitibus 

capita 

capitibus 

PLURAL. 

astates 
aetatum 
9Btatibus 
states . 

eetatibus 

# 

PLURAL, 

fraiides 
fraudum 
fraudibua^ 
fraud eg . 

fraudibus 

PLURAL. 

liseredes 

hseredum 

hoeredibus 

baeredes 

hseredibus 

PLURAL. 

servitutes 
sevvitutum 



66 



D. 


servittiti 


servitutibus 


Ac. 


servitutem 


servittites 


Ab. 


servittiti 


servitutibus 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


K. 


dos 


dotes 


G. 


dotis 


dotium 


D. 


doti 


do tib us 


Ac. 


dotem 


dotes 


Ab. 


dote 


dotibus 



101. 



Liquid Stems. 





SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


N. 


visitatio 


visitationes 


G. 


visitati6nis 


visitati6num 


r>. 


visit ati6ni 


visitation ibus 


Ac 


visitationein 


visitationes 


Ab. 


visitatione 


visitati6nibus 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


K. 


mos 


mores 


G. 


moris 


moruni 


D. 


mori 


moribus 


Ac. 


morem 


mores 


Ab. 


more 


moribus 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


N.. 


pater 


patres 


G. 


patris 


patrum 


D. 


patri 


patribus 


Ac. 


patrem 


patres 


Ab. 


patre 


patribus 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


K. 


consuetudo 


consnetuflines 


G. 


consuetudinis 


consuetudinum 



NOUNS. 



57 



D. 


corisuetiidini 


consuetudinibus 


Ac. 


cousuetudinem 


consuetudines 


Ab. 


con suet udine 


cousuetudinibus 




SINGULAE. 


FLUEAL. 


K 


stipulator 


stipulatores 


G. 


stipulatoris 


stipulatorum 


I). 


stipulat6ri 


stipulatoribus 


Ac. 


stipnlatorem 


stipulatores 


Ab. 


stipulatore 


stipulatoribus 




SINGULAE. 


PLUEAL. 


N. 


homo 


homines 


G. 


horn in is 


homiuum 


D. 


ho mini 


hominibus 


Ac. 


hominem 


homines 


Ab. 


homine 


hominibus 




SINGULAE. 


PLUEAL. 


K 


jus 


jura 


G. 


juris 


jurum 


D. 


juri 


juribus 


Ac. 


jus 


jura 


Ab. 


jure 


juribus 




SINGULAE. 


PLUEAL. 


K 


OS 


6ra 


G. 
D. 


oris 
ori 




oiibus 


Ac. 


OS 


ora 


Ab. 


ore 


oribus 




SINGULAE. 


PLUEAL. 


N. 


corpus 


c6rpora 


G. 


corporis 


corporum 


D. 


corpori 


corporibus 


Ac. 


corpus 


corpora 


Ab. 


corpore 


corporibus 



58 



102. 





NOUNS. 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


K 


no m en 


nomina 


G. 


n 6111 in is 


nominuni 


D. 


noiniui 


nominibus 


Ac 


nomen 


nomina 


Ab. 


nomine 


nominibus 




Stems 


in i. 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


N. 


testis 


testes - 


G. 


testis 


testium 


D. 


testi \ 


testibus 


Ac. 


testern 


testes 


Ab. 


teste 


testibus 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


K 


prin cipale 


principali a 


G. 


principalis 


principal ium 


D. 


principal! 


prin cipalibus 


Ac. 


prineipale 


principalia 


Ab. 


principali 


principalibus 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


K 


mens 


mentes 


G. 


mentis 


meutium 


D. 


meuti 


mentibus 


Ac 


mentem 


mentes 


Ab. 


mente 


mentibus 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


K 


pars 


partes 


G. 


partis t 


partium. 


D. 


parti 


partibus 


Ac. 


partem, -im 


partes 


Ab. 


parte 


partibus 



103. 



NOUNS. 

FOURTH DECLENSION. 
U Stems. 



59 



104. 





SIXGTJLAB. 


PLUBAL. 


N. 


actus 


actus 


G. 


actus 


actuum 


D. 


actui 


actibus 


Ac. 


Return 


actus 


Ab. 


actu 


actibus 




FIFTH DECLENSION. 




E- 


-Stems. 




SINGULAB. 


PLTJBAIh 


K 


dies 


dies 


G. 


diei 


dierum 


D. 


diei 


diebus 


Ae. 


diem 


dies 


Ab. 


die 


diebus 




SINGULAB. 


PIitBAL. 


N. 


res 


res 


G. 


rei 


rerum 


D. 


rei 


rebus 


Ac. 


rem 


res 


Ab. 


re 


rebus 



105. Special Paradigms. 

N. d6us dei, dii, di 

G. dei deorum, deum 

D. deo deis, diis, dis 

Ac. deum deos 

Ab. deo deis, diis, dis 



60 





ADJECTIVES. 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


N. 


domus 


domus 


G. 


domus 


domuum, domorum 


D. 


domui, domo 


domibus 


Ac. 


ddnmni 


domos, domus 


Ab. 


donio, domu 


domibus 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


N. 


vis 


vires 


G. 


vis 


virium 


J). 


vi 


viribus 


Ac. 


vim 


vires 


Ab. 


vi 


viribus 



106. 



Compound Nouns. 



SINGULAR. 

N. respublica 

G. reipublicae 

D. reiptiblicse 

Ac. rempublicam 

Ab. reptiblica 



PLURAL. 

respublicse 

rerumpublicarum 

rebuspublicis 

respublicas 

rebuspublicis 



ADJECTIVES. 
107. First and Second Declensions. 





- 


SINGULAR. 






Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter, 


N. 


bonus 


b6na 


bonum 


G 


'boni 


b6nae 


boni 


D. 


bono 


bonse 


bono 


Ac. 


bonum 


b6nam 


b6num 


Ab. 


bono 


bona 


bono 





ADJECTIVES. 








PLURAL. 




N. 


boni 


bonae 


bona 


G. 


bon6rum 


bou arum 


bonorum 


D. 


bonis 


bonis 


bonis 


Ac. 


bonos 


bonas 


bona 


Ab. 


bonis 


bonis 


bonis 






SINGULAR. 






Masc. 


Fem. 


Neut. 


K 


miser 


misera 


miserum 


G. 


nriseri 


miserse 


miseri 


D. 


misero 


miserse 


misero 


Ac. 


miserum 


miseram 


miserum 


Ab. 


misero 


misera 

PLURAL. 


misero 


N. 


miseri 


miserse ' 


misera 


G. 


miserorum 


miserarum 


miserorum 


D. 


miseris 


miseris 


miseris 


Ac. 


miseros 


miseras 


misera 


Ab. 


miseris 


miseris 

SINGULAR. 


miseris 


N. 


integer 


integra 


integrum 


G. 


integri 


integras 


integri 


D. 


integro 


integras 


integro 


Ac. 


integrum 


in te gram 


integrum 


Ab. 


integro 


integra 

PLURAL. 


integro 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


K 


integri 


integrae 


integra 


G. 


integrorum 


integrarum 


integrorum 


D. 


integris 


integris 


integris 


Ac. 


integros 


integras 


integra 


Ab. 


integris 


integris 


integris 



Gl 



62 



ADJECTIVES. 



108. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 





SINGULAR. 




Masc. and Fern. 


Neut. 


K 


simplex 


simplex 


G. 


simplicia 


simplicis 


D. 


simplici 


simplici 


Ac. 


simplicem 


simplex 


Ab. 


simplici, -e 


simplici, -e 




PLUKAL. 




Masc. and Fern. 


Neut. 


K 


simplices 


simplicia 


G. 


simplici um 


simplicium 


D. 


simplicibus 


simplicibus 


Ac. 


simplices, -is 


simplicia 


Ab. 


simplicibus 


simplicibus 




SINGULAR. 




Masc. and Fern. 


Neut. 


X. 


praecedens 


praecedens 


G. 


praecedentis 


praeredeutis 


D. 


2>raecc«leiiti 


praicedeuti 


Ac. 


praecedenteni 


praecedens 


Ab. 


prcecedeute, -i 


praecedente, -i 




PLURAL. 




Masc. and Fern. 


Neut 


S. 


praeoedentes 


praecedentia 


G. 


praecedentium 


praecedentium 


D. 


praecedenlibus 


praecedentibus 


Ac. 


praeeedentes, -is 


praecedentia 


Ab. 


praecedentibus 


praecedentibus 



SINGULAR. 
Masc. and Fern. Neut. 

25". brevis breve 

G. brevis brevis 





A] 


DJECTIVES. 


r>. 


brevi 


brevi 


Ac 


brevem 


breve 


Ah. 


brevi 


brevi 

PLURAL. 




Masc. and Fern. Neut. 


K 


breves 


brevia 


G. 


brevium 


brevium 


D. 


brevibus 


brevibus 


Ac 


breves, -is 


brevia 


Ab. 


brevibus 


brevibus 



63 



!<>{>. 



Irregular Adjectives. 







SINGULAR 




N. 


Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


K 


alius 


alia 


aliud 


G. 


alius 


alius 


alius 


D. 


alii 


alii 


alii 


Ac. 


aliuin 


alia in 


aliud 


A b. 


alio 


alia 

PLURAL. 


alio 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


K 


alii 


alia? 


alia 


G. 


aliorum 


aliaruni 


aliorum 


D. 


aliis 


aliis 


aliis 


Ac. 


alios 


alias 


alia 


Ab. 


aliis 


aliis 

SINGULAR. 


aliis 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


K 


unus 


una 


iinum 


G. 


uuius 


unius 


unius 


D. 


uni 


uni 


uni 


Ac. 


1111 um 


tin am 


unum 


Ab. 


lino 


una 


11IIO 



G4 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 



110. 



Comparison of Adjectives. 



In LatiD, as in English, there are three de- 
grees of comparison, the positive, the compara- 
tive, and the superlative. 

Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 

firm us firmior firmissimus 

f6rtis f6rtior fortissimus 

simplex simplicior simplicissimus 

a. Observe that the comparative is formed 
from the stem of the positive by dropping the 
stem vowel, if there be one, and adding — ior; 
the superlative, by adding — issimus 

b. The comparative of all adjectives except 
plus, more, is declined like firmior (113); the 
superlative like bonus. 



111. 



Irregular Ccmparison. 



Positive. 




Comparative. 


Superlative. 


exterus 




exterior 


extremus, 
in us 


exti 


inferus 




inferior 


infimus, imus 


posterus 




posterior 


postremuB, 
tumus 


p6S' 


superus 




superior 


supremus, 
mus 


sum- 


[prse, pro, 


be- 


prior 


primus 




fore] 










[prope, near.] 


propior 


proximus 




[ultra, beyond.] 


ulterior 


ultimus 




bonus 




melior, melius 


opt imus 




magnus 




major, majus 


maximus 




multus 




, plus 


pi ur imus 




parvus 




minor, minus 


minimus 





COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 65 

112. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs. 
Formation — Models. 

Adjective. Stem. Adverb. 

firmus, firm, firmo — firme, firmly. 

miser, wretched, misero — misere, wretch- 

edly. 

a. Observe that adverbs from adjectives with 
o-stems are formed by changing the o into e. 
fortis, brave. forti — iortiter, bravely. 
frequens, fre- frequenti — frequenter, fre- 
quent, quently. 

b. Observe that adverbs are formed from ad- 
jectives with i-stems by adding ter to the stem. 

c. Observe that stems — nti — drop ti before 
ter. 

ADJECTIVE. ADVEKB. 

multus, much. nmltum, much. 

facilis, easy. facile, easily. 

brevis, brief. breve, briefly. 

d. The accusative singular neuter of the ad« 
jective is sometimes used as an adverb. 

citus, quick. cito, quickly. 

primus, first. priino, at first. 

e. The ablative singular neuter of the adjec- 
tive is sometimes used as an adverb. 





Comparison. 




Positive. 


Comparative. 


Superlative, 


firme 


firmus 


firmissime 


misere 


miserius 


miserrime 


feliciter 


felicius 


felicissime 


5 







66 DECLENSION OP COMPARATIVES. 



bene 


melius 


optirae 


male 


pejus 


pessime 


miiltum 


plus 


plurimum 




magis 


maxime 



a. Observe that the comparative of the adverb 
is the same as the neuter accusative singular of 
the comparative of the adjective; and that the 
superlative is formed from the superlative of the 
adjective by changing, as in the positive, the 
final o of the stem to e. 

b. If the adjective is irregular in comparison, 
the adverb is also irregular. 

113. Declension of Comparatives. 





SINGULAB. 




Masc. and Fern. 


Neut. 


N. 


firmior 


firmius 


G. 


firmioris 


firmioris 


I). 


firmiori 


firmiori 


Ac. 


firmiorem 


firmius 


Ab. 


firmiore, -i 


firmiore, -i 




PLUBAL. 




Masc and Fem. 


Neut, 


N. 


firmiores 


firmiora 


G. 


firm i6 rum 


firmiorum 


D. 


firmioribus 


firmioribus 


Ac. 


firmiores, -is 


firmiora 


Ab. 


firmioribus 


firmioribus 




SINGULAK. 




Masc. and Fem. 


Neut. 


N. 




plus 




G. 




pluris 




D. 

Ac. 








plus 


Ab. 




plure 





PKONOUNS. 




PLURAL. 


Masc. and Fern. 


Neut. 


N. plures 




plura 


G' plurium 




pluriuin 


D. pluribus 




pluribus 


Ac. plures, - 


is 


plura 


Ab. pluribus 




pluribus 




Numerals. 


CARDINALS. 


ORDINALS. 


1. unus,-a,-m 


primus, -a, -um 


2. duo, dtise, 


duo 


secundus (or alter) 


3. tres, tria 




tertius 


4. quattuor 




quartus 


5. quiuque 




quintus 


G. sex 




sextus 


7. septeni 




Septimus 


8. octo 




octavus 


9. uovem 




nonus 


10. decern 




decimus 




PRONOUNS. 




Personal. 


SINGULAR. 




PLURAL. 


K 






G. sui 




sui 


1). sibi 




sibi 


Ac. se, sese 




se, sese 


Ab. se, sese 




se, sese 



67 



68 PRONOUNS. 




116. Demonstrative. 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 




N. hie hsec hoc 


hi hse 


heec 


G. huius huius huius 


horum harum 


horum 


D. huic huic huic 


his his 


his 


Ac. hunc hanc hoc 


hos has 


hsec 


Ab. hoc hac hoc 


his his 


his 



N. ille ilia illud 

G. illius illius illius 

D. illi illi illi 

Ac. ilium illam illud 

Ab. illo ilia illo 

K is ea id 

G, eius eius ems 

D. 6i ei ei 

Ac. eum earn id 

Ab. 60 ea 60 



N. idem 
G. eiusdem 
D. eidem 
Ac. euudem 
Ab. e6dem 



illi illae ilia 

illorum illarum ill6rum 
illis illis illis 
illos illas ilia 
illis illis illis 



ei, ii 6se 6a 

eorum earum eorum 

eis, iis 6is, iis 6is, iis 

eos eas ea 

eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis 



SINGULAR. 

eadem 

eiusdem 

eidem 

eandem 

eadem 



idem 

eiusdem 

eidem 

idem 

eodem 



K 



D. 



IS 



eidem 
iidem 
G. eoruudem 
( eisdem 
( iisdem 
Ac. e6sdem 
eisdem 
sdem 



Ab. \ e ? s 



PLURAL. 

eaedem 
earundem 
( eisdem 
\ iisdem 
easdem 
( eisdem 
) iisdem 



eadem 
eoruudem 
( eisdem 
\ iisdem 
eadem 
( eisdem 
) iisdem 



PRONOUNS. 



69 



SINGULAR. 

N". ipse ipsa ipsum 

G-. ipsius ipsius ipsius 

D. ipsi ipsi ipsi 

Ac. ipsum ipsam ipsum 

Ab. ipso ipsa ipso 



ipsi ipsse ipsa 

ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum 

ipsis ipsis ipsis 

ipsos ipsas ipsos 

ipsis ipsis ipsis 



117 


• 


Relative. 








SINGULAR. 






PLURAL. 




N. 


qui quae 


quod 


qui 


quae 


quae 


G. 


cuius cuius 


cuius 


quorum 


quarum 


quorum 


D. 


cui cui 


cui 


qui bus 


quibus 


quibus 


Ac. 


quem quam 


quod 


quos 


quas 


quae 


Ab. 


quo qua 


quo 


quibus 


quibus 


quibus 



118. 



Interrogative. 



N. quis quae quid qui 



quae 



quae 



G. 


cuius cuius 


cuius quorum quarum quorum 


D. 


cui cui 


cui quibus quibus quibus 


Ac. 


quem quam 


quid quos 


quas quas 


Ab. 


quo qua 


quo quibus quibus quibus 


119. 


Indefinite. 








SINGULAR. 




% 


aliquis 


aliqua 


aliquid, aliquod 


G. 


alicuius 


alicuius 


alicuius 


D. 


alicui 


alicui 


alicui 


Ac. 


aliquem 


aliquam 


aliquid, aliquod 


Ab. 


aliquo 


aliqua 

PLURAL. 


aliquo 


N. 


aliqui 


aliquse 


aliqua 


G. 


aliquorum 


aliquarum 


aliquorum 


D. 


aliquibus 


aliquibus 


aliquibus 


Ac. 


aliquos 


aliquas 


aliqua 


Ab, 


. aliquibus 


aliquibus 


aliquibus 



70 



N. quidam 
G. cuiusdam 
D. cuidam 
Ac. quendam 
Ab. quodam 



REGULAR VERBS. 



SINGULAR. 



quaedam 
cuiusdam 
cuidam 
quan dam 
quad am 






quiddam, qu6ddam 

cuiusdam 

cuidam 

quiddam, qu6ddam 

quodam 



quaedam quaedam 

quarundam quorundam 
quibusdam quibusdam 

quasdam quaedam 

quibusdam quibusdam 

Note. — Quisquis, "whoever" or "whatever," is 
called from its signification a general relative. It is 
rare except in the forms quisquis, quidquid (quic- 
quid.) 



N. quidam 
G. quorundam 
D. quibusdam 
Ac. qu6sdam 
Ab. quibusdam 



REGULAR VERBS. 
120. First Conjugation. — A — Verbs. 
Man do, I command. 

PKINCIPAL PARTS. 

mando, ma nd are, mandavi, mandatus. 
Active Voice. 

INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE. 

I command. 



Singular. 

mando 
mandas 
in and at 



Plural. 

mandamus 
mandatis 
in and ant 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 71 

IMPERFECT. 

I was commanding, or I commanded. 
mandabam mandabamus 

niamlabas mandabatis 

maudabat inandabant 

FCTTRE. 

I shall or will command. 
mandabo ruandabimus 

mandabis inandabitis 

mandabit niandabunt 

PERFECT. 

I have commanded, I commanded. 
mandavi mandaviinus 

mandavisti mandavistis 

mandavit mandaverunt, or -re 

PLUPERFECT. 

I had commanded. 
mandaverani mandaveramus 

mandaveras maudaveratis 

mandaverat mandaverant 

FUTURE PERFECT. 

I shall have commanded, etc. 
mandavero mandaveiimus 

mandaveris maudaveritis 

mandaverit mandaverint 

SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 

May I command, let him command. 
mandem raandemus 

niandes mandetis 

mandet maudent 



72 FIRST CONJUGATION. 

IMPERFECT. 

I should command, he would command. 
mandarein mandaremus 

m ai 1 d ares m and are tis 

mandaret maudarent 

PERFECT. 

I may have commanded, or I have commanded. 
mandaverim mandaverimus 

mandaveris niandaveritis 

mandaverit maudaverint 

PLUPERFECT. 

I should have commanded, he would have commanded. 
niaudavissem inandavisseinus 

mandavisses mandavissetis 

mandavisset raandavissent 

I MPEE ATrVE — PRESENT. 

man da, command thou. 
mandate, command ye. 

FUTURE. 

mandato, thou shalt command. 
mandato, he shall command. 
mandat6te, ye shall command. 
inandanto, they shall command. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. mandare, to command. 

Perf. mandavisse, to have commanded. 

Fut. mandaturus esse, to be about to command. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. man dans, -an tis, commanding. 

Put. mandaturus, -a, -um, about to command. 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 73 

GERUND. 

N. ' 

G. mandandi, of commanding. 
D. man clan do, for commanding. 
Ac. inandandum, commanding. 
Ab. mandando, by commanding. 

SUPINE. 

Ace. m an datum, to command. 

Abl. ruandatu, to command, be commanded. 

Passive Voice. 

INDICATIVE — PRESENT. 

I am commanded, etc. 
mandor mandamur 

rnandaris, or re mandaniiui 

maudatur mandantur 

IMPERFECT. 

I u-as commanded, etc. 
mandabar mandabamur 

mandabaris, or re mandabamiui 

inandabatur lnaudabantur 

FUTURE. 

I shall be commanded, etc. 
m an ditbor m an d abira nr 

mandaberis, or -re mandabimini 

niandabitur mandabiintur 

PERFECT. 

I have been (teas) commanded, etc. 

{ sum { sum us 

I ! 

mandatus ■{ es mandati ■{ estis 

I est / sunt; 



74 FIRST CONJUGATION. 

PLUPERFECT. 

I had been commanded, etc. 

[ eram [ eramus 

I I 

mandatus { eras mandati •{ eratis 



( erat ( 


erant 


FUTURE PEEFECT 


I shall have been commanded, etc. 


f ero 

I 


r erimus 


1 
mandatus <( eris mandati -i 

1 

( erit I 


iritis 


erunt 



SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 

May I be commanded, let him be commanded. 

mander mandemur 

manderis, or -re mandemini 

mandetur mandentur 

IMPERFECT. 

I should command, he would command. 

man d arer m and are m ur 

mandareris, or -re mandareniini 

mandaretur mandarentur 

PEEFECT. 

I may have been commanded, etc. 

{ sim { simus 

I I 

mandatus <J sis mandati <{ sitis 

I I ' 

( sit I sin* 1 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 75 

PLUPERFECT. 

I should have been commanded, etc. 

^ essem { ess6mus 

I I 

mandatus •{ esses mandati •{ essetis 

( esset ( essent 

IMPERATIV E — PRESENT. 

mandare, be thou commanded. 
mandamiui, be ye commanded. 

FUTURE. 

mandator, thou shalt be commanded. 
mandator, he shall be commanded. 



man dan tor, they shall be commanded. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. mandari, to be commanded. 

Perf. mandatus esse, to have been commanded. 

Fut. mandatum iri, to be about to be commanded. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Ger. mandandus,-a,-um, to be commanded. 
Perf. mandatus, -a, -um, commanded, having been 
commanded. 

Second Conjugation. — E — Verbs. 
j Habeo, J hold. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

habeo, habere, habui, habitus. 

INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE. 

J hold. 
habeo habemus 

habes habetis 

habet habent 



76 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 



IMPERFECT. 

I was holding, or I held. 
habebam habebainus 

habebas liabebatis 

habebat habebaut 





FUTURE. 




I shall or will hold. 


habebo 


habebimus 


habebis 


babebitis 


habebit 


habebunt 




PERFECT. 




I have held, or I held. 


habui 


babuimns 


babuisti 


babuistis 


habuit 


habuerunt, or -re 




PLUPERFECT. 




I had held. 


habueram 


habueramus 


habueras 


babueratis 


habuerat 


babueraut 



FUTURE PERFECT. 

I shall or will have held. 
habuero habuerimus 

habueris habueritis 

habtierit habueriiit 

SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 

May I hold, let him hold. 
babeam habeamua 

habeas habeatis 

babeat babeant 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 77 

IMPERFECT. 

I should hold, he could, hold. 
hab^rem baberemus 

babSres baberetis 

baberet baberent 

PERFECT. 

I may have held, or I held. 
babuerim babuerimus 

habueris babueiitis 

habuerit babiierint 

PLUPEBFECT. 

I should have held, he would have held. 
babuissem babuissenius 

babuisses babuissetis 

habuisset babuissent 

IMPERATIVE— PRESENT. 

babe, have thou. 
hab6te, have ye. 

FUTURE. 

bab6to, thou shalt hold. 
babeto, he shall hold. 
babetote, ye shall hold. 
babento, they shall hold. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. babere, to hold. 

Perf. babuisse, to have held. 

Put. babiturus 6sse, to be about to hold. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. babens,-entis, holding. 

Fut. babiturus, -a, -uiu, about to hold. 



78 SECOND CONJUGATION. 

GERUND. 

Gen. hab6ndi, of holding. 
Dat. habeudo, for holding. 
Ace. habendum, holding. 
Abl. habeudo, by holding. 

SUPINE. 

Ace. habitum, to hold. 

Ab. habitu, to hold, to be held. 

Passive Voice. 

INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE 

I am held. 
habeor haberaur 

haberis, or -re habeinini 

habetur habentur 

IMPERFECT. 

I was held. 
hab£bar habebamur 

habebaris, or -re habebamini 

habebatur habebantur 

FUTURE. 

I shall or will be held. 
habebor habebitnur 

habeberis, or -re habebimini 

habebitur habebuutur 

PERFECT. 

I have been held, or I was held. 
C sum [ sumua 

habitus \ ,es habiti \ estis 

j I 

/ est I sunt 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 79 

PLUPERFECT. 

J had been held. 
f eram f eramus 

habitus <; eras habiti ■{ eratis 

I I 

{ erat ( erant 

FUTURE PERFECT. 

J shall or will have been held. 
( ero f erimus 

habitus <( eris habiti ■{ eritis 



( erit ( erunt 

SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 

May I be held, let him be held. 

habear habeamur 

habearis, or -re habeamini 

habeatur habeautur 

IMPERFECT. 

I should be held, he would be held. 

haberer haberemur 

habereris, or -re habereraini 

haberetur haberentur 

PERFECT. 

I may have been held. 

{ sim { simus 

I I 

habitus { sis habiti { sitis 

I I 

( sit ( sint 



80 THIRD CONJUGATION. 

PLUPERFECT. 

I should have been held. 
{ essem { essemus 



habitus ■{ esses habiti < essetis 

I I 

( esset ( essent 

IMPERATIVE— PRESENT. 

habere, be thou held. 
habeuiini, be ye held. 

FUTURE. 

habetor, thou shalt be held. 
habetor, he shall be held. 



habentor, they shall be held. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. babeii, to be held. 

Perf. habitus esse, to have been held. 

Fut. habitum iri, to be about to be held. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Ger. habendns, -a,-um, to be held. 

Perf. habitus, -a, -um, held, having been held. 

122. Third Conjugation.— E— Verbs. 

Rego, I rule. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

rego, regere, rexi, rectus. 
Active Voice. 

INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE. 

I rule. 

Singular. Plural. 

r6go regimus 

regis regitis 

regit regunt 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



81 



IMPERFECT. 

I was ruling, or I ruled. 



reg6bam 


regebamus 


regebas 


regebatis 


regebat 


regebant 




FUTURE. 




I shall or will rule. 


r6gam 


regenms 


reges 


regetis 


reget 


regent 




PERFECT. 




I have ruled, etc. 


rexi 


reximus 


rexisti 


rexistis 


rexit 


rexerunt, or -re 




PLUPERFECT. 




I had ruled, etc. 


rSxeram 


rexeramus 


rexeras 


rexeratis 


rexerat 


rexerant 



FUTURE PERFECT. 

I shall have ruled, etc. 
rexero rexerimus 

rexeris rexeritis 

rexerit rexerint 



SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 

May I rule, let him rule. 
regam regamus 

regas regatis 

regat regant.. 



82 THIRD CONJUGATION. 

IMPERFECT. 

I should rule, he would rule. 
r6gerem regeremus 

regeres regeretis 

regeret regereut 

PEEPECT. 

I may have ruled, or I have ruled. 
rexerim rexerimus 

rexeris rexeritis 

r6xerit rexeriut 

PLUPERFECT. 

I should have ruled, he would have ruled. 
rexissem rexissemus 

rexisses rexissetis 

rexisset rexissent 

IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 

rege, rule thou. 
regite, rule ye. 

FUTURE. 

regito, thou shalt rule. 
regito, he shall rule. 
regifote, ye shall rule. 
regunto, they shall rule. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. regere, to rule. 

Pref. rexisse, to have ruled. 

Fut. recturus esse, to be about to rule. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. regens,-§ntis, ruling. 

Fut. recturus, -a, -um, about to rule. 



THIRD CONJUGATION,. 88 

GERUND. 

N. 

G. regeadi, of ruling. 

D. regendo, for ruling. 

Ac. regendum, ruling. 

Ab. regendo, by ruling. 

SUPINE. 

Ac. rectum, to rule. 

Ab. rectu, to rule, to be ruled. 

Passive. 

INDICATIVE— PRESENT. 

I am ruled, etc. 
regor regimur 

regeris, or -re regimini 

regitur reguntur 

IMPERFECT. 

I was ruled, etc. 
regebar regebamur 

regebaris, or -re regebamini 

regebatur regebantur 

FUTURE. 

I shall be ruled, etc. 
regar regemur 

regeris or -re regemini 

regetur regentur 

PERFECT. 

I have been ruled, etc. 

J sum C sumus 

es recti < estis 

/ est / sunt 



84 THIRD CONJUGATION. 



PLUPERFECT. 



I had been ruled, etc. 

Jeram ( eramus 

6ras recti •{ eratis 

( 6rat ( erant 

FUTUBE PEEFECT. 

I shall have been ruled, etc. 
( 6ro { erimus 

rectus \ eris recti \ iritis 

( erit ( 6runt 

SUBJUNCTIVE — PBESENT. 

May I be ruled, let him be ruled. 
regar regamur 

regaris or- re reganiini 

regatur regantur 

IMPEEFECT. 

I should be ruled, he would be ruled. 
r6gerer regerSmur 

regerens or-re regeremini 

reger6t»r reger§ntur 

PEEFECT. 

I may have been ruled, or I have been ruled. 
{ sim [ simus 



rectus < sis recti ■{ 



sitis 
sint 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 85 

PLUPERFECT. 

I should have been ruled, etc. 
' 6ssem 



rectus < 



esses recti <\ 



essemus 
essetis 



• 



I esset ( essent 

IMPEEATTVE — PRESENT. 

regere, be thou ruled. 
reginrini, be ye ruled. 

FUTURE. 

regitor, thou shalt be ruled. 
regitor, he shall be ruled. 



re guntor, they shall be ruled. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. regi, to be ruled. 

Perf. rectus esse, to have been ruled. 

Fut. rectum iri, to be about to be ruled. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Ger. regeudus, -a, -urn, to be ruled. 

Perf. rectus, -a, -urn, ruled, having been ruled. 

Third Conjugation. 

Verbs of the third conjugation iu io have 
some forms of the present stem like the fourth 
conjugation. Before a, o, u and i they retain 
the i of the stem, but lose it elsewhere, except 
in the gerund and participle. 

Oapio, I take. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

capio, capere, cepi, captus. 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



Active Voice. 



INDICATIVE MOOD — PEESENT TENSE. 



I take. 



Singular. 

capio 
capis 
capit 



Plural. 

capimus 

capitis 

capiunt 



IMPERFECT. 



I was talcing, I took. 
capiebam capiebamus 

capiebas capiebatis 

capiebat capiebant 





FUTURE. 




J shall or will take. 


capiam 


capiemus 


capies 


capietis 


capiet 


capient 




PEEFECT. 




I have taken or I took. 


cepi 


cepimus 


cepisti 


cepistis 


c6pit 


cep6runt 




PLUPEEFECT. 




I had taken. 


ceperam 


ceperamus 


ceperas 


ceperatis 


ceperat 


ceperaut 




FUTOEE PERFECT. 



I shall or will have taken. 
cepero ceperimus 

c6peris cep6ritis 

ceperit c6perint 



THIRD CONJUGATION. ' 87 

SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 

May I take, let him take. 
capiam capiamus 

capias capiatis 

capiat capiant 

IMPERFECT. 

I should take, he would take. 

caperem caperemus 

caperes caperetis 

caperet caperent. 

PERFECT. 

I may have taken, or I have taken. 
ceperim ceperimus 

c6peris ceperitis 

ceperit ceperint 

PLUPERFECT. 

I should have taken, he would have taken. 
cepissem cepissemus 

cepisses cepissetis 

cepisset cepissent 

IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 

cape, take thou. 
capite, take ye. 

FUTURE. 

capito, thou shalt take. 
capito, he shall take. 
capitote, ye shall take. 
capiunto, they shall take. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. capere, to take. 

Perf. cepisse, to have taken. 

Flit, capturus esse, to be about to take. 



88 THIRD CONJUGATION. 

PAETICIPLES. 

Pres. capiens,-ientis, talcing. 

Fut. capturus,-a,-um, about to take, 

GERUND. 

K 

G. capiendi, of taking. 
T>. capiendo, for taking. 
Ac. capiendum, taking. 
Ab. capiendo, by taking. 

SUPINE. 

Ac. captum, to take. 

Ab. captu, to take, to be taken. 

Passive. 

INDICATIVE — PRESENT. 





I am 


taken, etc. 


Singular. 




Plural. 


capior 




capiinur 


caperis 




capimini 


capitur 




capiuiitur 



IMPERFECT. 

I was taken, etc. 
capiebar capiebamur 

capiebaris capiebamini 

eapiebatur capiebantur 

FUTURE. 

I shall be taken, etc. 
capiar capiemur 

capieris capi6mini 

capietur capientur 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



89 



captus 



captus ^ 



PERFECT. 




J have been taken, etc. 


sum 


r sumus 


es capti < 


6stis 


est 


, sunt 


PLUPERFECT. 


I had been taken, etc. 


erani 


' eramus 


eras capti < 


eratis 


6rat 


1 6rant 



FUTURE PERFECT. 

I shall have been taken. 



ero 

captus <J eris 
t erit 



capti ^ 



enmus 

6ritis 

§runt 



SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 

May I be taken, let him be taken. 
capiar capiamur 

capiaris capiamini 

capiatur capiantur 

IMPERFECT. 

I should be taken, he would be taken. 
caperer caperemur 

capereris caperemini 

caperetur caperentur 

PERFECT 

May have been taken, I have been taken. 



( siin 
captus \ sis 
sit 



capti < 



f simus 

sitis 

sint 



90 FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



PLUPERFECT. 



I should have been taken, etc. 
{ essem ( essemus 



captus < 



esses capti 

( esset ( Assent 

IMPERATIVE. — PRESENT. 



essStis 



capere, be thou taken. 
capimini, be ye taken. 



capitor, thou shalt be taken. 
capitor, he shall be taken. 
capiuntor, they shall be taken. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. capi, to.be taken. 

Perf. captus esse, to have been taken. 

Fut. captum iri, to be about to be taken. 

124. Fourth Conjugation— I— Verbs. 

Audio, I hear. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

audio, audire, audivi, auditus. 

Active Voice. 

INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE. 

I hear. 

Singular. Plural. 

audio audimus 

audis auditis 

audit audiunt 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



91 



IMPERFECT. 

I was hearing, or I heard. 



audi6bam 


audiebamus 


audiebas 


audiebatis 


audiebat 


audi§bant 




FUTUEE. 




I shall or will hear. 


audiam 


audi6mus 


audies 


audietis 


audiet 


audient 




PEEFECT. 


I have heard, or I heard. 


audivi 


audivimus 


audivisti 


audivistis 


audivit 


audiverunt, or -6re 




PLUPERFECT. 




I had heard. 


audiveram 


audiveramus 


audiveras 


audiveratis 


audiverat 


audiverant 



FUTUEE PEKFECT. 

I shall or icill have heard. 
audivero audiverimus 

audiveris audiveritis 

audiverit andiverint 

SUBJUNCTIVE— PRESENT. 

May I hear, let him hear. 
audiam audiamus 

audias audiatis 

audiat audiant 



92 FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

IMPERFECT. 

I should hear, he would hear. 
audirem audirenius 

audires audiretis 

audiret audirent 



I may have heard or I have heard. 
audiverim audiverimus 

audiveris audiveritis 

audiverit audiverint 

PLUPERFECT. 

I should have heard, he would have heard. 
audivisseni audivissemus 

audivisses audivissetis 

audivisset audivissent 

IMPER ATI VE — PR ESENT. 

audi, hear thou. 
audite, hear ye. 

FUTURE. 

audito, thou shalt hear. 
audi to, he shall hear. 
auditote, ye shall hear. 
audiunto, they shall hear. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. audire, to hear. 

Perf. audivisse, to have heard. 

Fut. auditurus esse, to be about to hear. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. audiens,-entis, hearing. 

Fut. auditurus,-a,-um, about to hear. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



Gen. audi^Ddi, of hearing. 
Dat. audiendo, for hearing. 
Ace. audiendum, hearing. 
Abl. audiendo, by hearing. 

SUPINE. 

Ace. audituni, to hear. 

Abl. auditu, to hear, to be heard. 

Passive Voice. 

INDICATIVE MOOD — PBESENT TENSE. 

I am heard. 

Singular. Plural. 

audior audimur 

audiris, or re audimiui 

auditur auditintur 

IMPEEFECT. 

I was heard. 
audiebar audiebamur 

audiebaris, or re audiebamini 

audiebatur audiebantur 

FT7TUEE. 

I shall or mil be heard. * 
audiar audieimir 

audieris, or re audiemini 

audietur audientur 

PEBFECT. 

I have been heard, or I was heard. 
{ sum { sumus 

auditus <{ es auditi -{ estis 

I I 

( est ( sunt 



94 FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



PLUPERFECT. 




I had been heard. 




eram ( 

eras auditi \ 

i 


eram us 


eratis 


1 
erat ( 


erant 



auditus 



FUTURE PERFECT. 

I shall or will have been heard. 

{ ero { eiiinus 

I I 

auditus { eris auditi { eritis 

( eiit ( erunt 

SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 

May I be heard, let him be heard. 

audiar audiamur 

audiaris, or re audiamini 

audiatur audiautur 

IMPERFECT. 

I should be heard, he would be heard. 

audirer audiremur 

andireiis, or re audiremini 

audiretur audireutur 

PERFECT. 

I may have been heard. 

' simus 



sim 
auditus { sis auditi < 



sitis 



sit I sint 



DEPONENT VERBS. 95 



PLUPERFECT. 

I should have been heard. 
( 6ssem 



auditus < 



esses auditi *j 

6sset 



essSmus 

esseltis 
essenfc 



IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 

audire, be thou heard. 
audimini, be ye heard. 

FUTURE. 

auditor, thou shalt be heard. 
auditor, he shall be heard. 



audiuntor, they shall be heard. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. audiri, to be heard. 

Perf. auditus 6sse, to have been heard. 

Fut. auditum id, to be about to be heard. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. 

Ger. audiendus, -a,-um, to be heard. 
Perf. auditus, -a, -urn, having been heard. 

Deponent Verbs. 
Sequor, I follow. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

sequor sequi secutus 

INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT. 

I follow. 
sequor sequimur 

sequeris, or re sequimini 

sequitur sequuntur 



96 DEPONENT VERBS. 

IMPERFECT. 

I was following, or / followed. 
sequebar sequebamur 

sequebaris, or re sequebaniini 

sequebatur sequebantur 

FUTUEE. 

I shall or will follow. 
s6quar sequemur 

sequeris, or re sequeinini 

sequ6tur seqnentur 

PERFECT. 

I have followed, or I followed. 



secutus < 



seciitus - 



sum 


sumus 


es seciiti < 


estis 


est 

PLUPERFECT. 

I had followed. 
eram 


v sunt 
r eramus 


eras 1 secuti « 


eratis 


erat 


erant 



FUTURE PERFECT. 

I shall or will have followed. 

f erimus 



' ero 

secutus -{ eris 

I erit 



secuti 



eritis 
Srunt 



SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESEN T. 

May I follow, let Mm follow. 
sequar sequaniur 

sequaris, or re sequaniiiii 

sequatur sequantur 



DEPONENT VERBS. 97 

IMPERFECT. 

I should follow, he would follow. 
s6querer sequer6mur 

sequereris, or re sequeremini 

sequeretur sequer6ntur 

PERFECT. 

J may have followed, or I have followed. 



( sini 



essemus 



secutus ■{ sis seciiti { ess6tis 



sit ^ Assent 

PLUPERFECT. 

I should have followed. 



f essern 



essemus 



secutus-^ esses seciiti «( essetis 

t esset t Assent 

IMPERATIVE— PRESENT. 

s^quere, follow thou. 
sequimini, follow ye. 

FUTURE. 

s6quitor, thou shalt follow. 
sequitor, -he shall follow. 
sequuntor, they shall follow. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. sequi, to follow. 

Perf. secutus esse, to have followed. 

Fut. secuturus esse, to be about to follow. 

PAETICIPLES. 

Pres. sequens, eutis, following. 
Fut. secuturus,-a,-um, about to follow. 
Perf. secutus, -a, -urn, having folloiecd. 
Ger. sequendus, -a, -nm, to be followed. 



98 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



GERUND. 

Gen. sequ6ndi, of following. 
Dat. sequendo, for following. 
Ace. sequendurn, following. 
Abl. sequendo, by following. 



126. 



Ace. secutum, to follow. 

Abl. seeuti, to follow, to be followed. 

It will be observed that sequor is conjugated 
like the passive of the third conjugation. De- 
ponents in their conjugations, follow the passive 
voice of the conjugation to which they belong. 
It will be noted, however, from the conjugation 
of sequor, that the present participle, future parti- 
ciple, gerund, supine and gerundive are added 
from the corresponding active conjugatoins. 

Irregular Verbs- 



futurus. 





Sum, I am. 




PRINCIPAL PARTS. 


sum, 


esse, fui, 




INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


sum 


sum us 


es 


estis 


est 


sunt 




IMPERFECT. 


eram 


erainus 


eras 


eratis 


erat 


6rant 




FUTURE. 


ero 


erimus 


eris 


eritis 


erit 


erunt 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



99 





PERFECT. 


fui 


fuerimus 


fufsti 


fueritis 


fuit 


ftieriut 




PLUPERFECT. 


fueram 


fueramus 


fueras 


fueratis 


fuerat 


fuerant 




FUTURE PERFECT. 


fuero 


fuerimus 


fueris 


fueritis 


fuerit 


fuerint 




SUBJUNCTIVE— PRESENT. 


sim 


sfmus 


sis 


sitis 


sit 


sint 




IMPERFECT. 


essein 


essemus 


esses 


cssetis 


esset 


essent 




PERFECT. 


f ue rim 


fuerimus 


fiieris 


fueritis 


fuerit 


fuerint 




PLUPERFECT. 


fuissem 


fuissem us 


fnisses 


fuissetis 


fuisset 


fuisseut 




IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 


es 




cste 





100 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



esto 




FUTURE. 


6sto 






estote 


) 




sun to 






Pres. 


esse 


INFINITIVE. 


Perf. 


fuisse 




Fut. 


l'uturus 


esse 



PARTICIPLE. 

Fut. futurus, a,-um 
127. P6ssum 3 p6sse, potui, to be able. 



Singular. 

possum 

potes 
potest 



poteram 

p6tero 

potui 

potueram 

potuero 

possim 

possis 

possit 



INDICATIVE— PRESENT. 
Plural. 

possumus 

potestis 

possunt 



IMPERFECT. 



poteramus 



FUTURE. 



poterimus 



PERFECT. 

potuimus 

PLUPERFECT. 

potueramus 

FUTURE PERFECT. 

potuerimus 

SUBJUNCTIVE— PRESENT. 

possim us 

possitis 

possint 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



101 





IMPERFECT. 


p6ssem 


possemus 




PERFECT. 


potuerim 


potuerimus 




PLUPERFECT. 


potuissem 


potuissemus 




INFINITIVE. 


Pres. posse 




Perf. potuisse 


Prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturu 




INDICATIVE— PRESENT. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


pr6sum 


prosumus 


prodes 


prodestis 


prddest 


prosunt 




IMPERFECT. 


proderani 


proderauius 




FUTURE. 


prodero 


proderimus 




PERFECT. 


profui 


profuimus 




PLUPERFECT. 


profueram 


profueramus 




FUTURE PERFECT. 


profuero 


profuerimus 




SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 


prosim 


prosim us 


prosis 


prositis 


prosit 


pr6sint 



102 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

IMPERFECT. 

prod6ssem prodessemus 

PEEFECT. 

profiierim profuerimus 

PLUPERFFCT. 

profuisseui profuissemus 

IMPERATIVE— PRESENT. 

prodes prodeste 

FUTURE. 

i 

prodesto prodest6te 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. prod esse 
Perl', profuisse 
Fnt. prof'uturus esse 

PARTICIPLE. 

Put. prol'uturus, -a, -um 
129. Volo, velle, volui, to be willing, wish. 





INDICATIVE— PRESENT. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


volo 


volumus 


vis 


vultis 


vult 


volunt 




IMPERFECT. 


volebam 


volebamus 




FUTURE. 


volam 


volemus 




PERFECT. 


v61ui 


voluimus 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



103 





PLUPERFECT. 


volueram 


volueramus 


FUTURE PEEFECT. 


voluero 


volu6rimus 


SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 


v61im 


velimus 


velis 


velitis 


velit 


velint 




IMPERFECT. 


vellem 


velUmus 




PERFECT. 


voluerim 


voluerimus 




PLUPERFECT. 


voluissem 


voluissernus 


Pres. velle 


INFINITIVE. 


Perf. voluisse 





PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. volens. 
130. Eo, ire, ivi (ii), itiirus, to go. 

SUBJUNCTIVE - PRESENT. 



Singular. 


Plural. 


eo 


imus 


is 


itis 


it 


eunt 




IMPERFECT. 


ibam 


ibamus 




FUTURE. 


ibo 


ibimus 



104 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



ivi (ii) 



lveram 



lvero 



PERFECT. 

ivimus 

PLUPERFECT. 

iveramus 

FUTURE PERFECT. 

iverimus 



earn 



SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 

eanius 







IMPERFECT. 


irem 




ire in us 






PERFECT. 


iverim 


iverimus 






PLUPERFECT. 


ivisseni 


ivissemus 




IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 


i 




ite 

FUTURE. 


ito 




itote 


ito 




etinto 

INFINITIVE. 


Pres. 


ire 




Perf. 


ivisse 




Fat. 


iturus 


esse 



PARTICIPLES. 



Pres. iens, euntis 
Put. iturus, -a, -um 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



105 



Gen. eundi 
Dat. eundo 
Ace. eumlum 
Abl. euudo 



GERUND. 



Ace. itum 
Abl. itu 



SUPINE. 



fio, fieri, factus sum (supplies passive to facio, 
make), to be made, become. 



i: 


NDICATIVE — PRESENT. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


fio 


fimus 


fis 


litis 


fit 


fiunt 




IMPEEFECT. 


fiebam 


fiebamus 




FUTUEE. 


fiam 


fiemus 




PEEFECT. 


factus sum 


facti sumus 




PLUPERFECT. 


factus eram 


facti eramus 




FUTURE PERFECT 


factus ero 


facti erimus 


SUBJUNCTIVE — PKESENT. 


fiam 


liaiiuis 



106 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

IMPERFECT. 

fierem fleremus 

PEEFECT. 

f actus sim facti simus 

PLUPERFECT. 

factus essem facti essemus 

IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 

fi fite 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. fieri 
Perf. factus esse 
Fut. factum iri 

PARTICIPLES. 

Perf. factus 
Ger. faciendus 

131. fero, ferre, tuli, latus, to bear, carry, endure. 
Active Voice. 



] 


INDICATIVE — PRESENT. 


fero 


feiimus 


fers 


fertis 


fert 


f'6runt 




IMPERFECT. 


ferebam 


ferebamus 




FUTURE. 


feram 


fereiuus 




PERFECT. 


tuli 


tulimus 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



107 





PLUPERFECT. 


t tiler am 


tuler amue 




FUTURE PERFECT. 


tulero 


tulerimus 


SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 


feram 


leramus 




IMPERFECT. 


ferrem 


fcrremus 




PERFECT. 


tulerim 


tulerimus 




PLUPERFECT. 


tulissem 


tulissemus 


IMPERATIVE— PRESENT. 


fer 


ferte 




FUTURE. 


ferto 


fert6te 


fer to 


ferunto 




INFINITIVE. 


Pres. ferre 




Perf. tulisse 




Fut. laturus 


6sse 




PARTICIPLES. 


Pres. ferens 




Fut. laturus 






GERUND. 


Gen. ferendi 




Dat. ferendo 




Ace. ferendum 


Abl. ferendo 





108 



Ace. latum 
Abl. latu 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 
SUPINE. 

Passive Voice. 



INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE. 



f6ror 


ferimur 


ferris 


ferimini 


fertur 


feruntur 




IMPERFECT. 


ferebar 


ferebamur 




FUTURE. 


ferar 


feiemur 




PERFECT. 


latus sum 


lati suuius 




PLUPERFECT. 


latus eram 


lati eramus 




FUTURE PERFECT. 


latus 6ro 


lati eriinus 




SUBJUNCTIVE — PRESENT. 


ferar 


feramur 




IMPERFECT. 


ferrer 


ferre raur 




PERFECT. 


latus sim 


lati simus 




PLUPERFECT. 


latus essem lati essemus 




IMPERATIVE — PRESENT. 


ferre 


ferimini 





IRREGULAR VERBS. 






FUTUBE. 


ffcvtov 






XCX I'VX 

fertor 




feruntor 

INFINITIVE. 


Pres. ferri 






Perf. latus 


6sse 


i 


Fut. latum 


iri 


PAETICIPLKS. 


Perf. latus 






Ger. i'erendus 





109 



110 RULES OF SYNTAX. 



132. RULES OF SYNTAX. 

I. The subject of a Finite Verb is in the Nominative 
Case. 

II. The object of a Transitive Verb is in the Accu- 
sative Case. 

ILL A Predicate Noun after a neuter or passive verb 
takes the same case as the subject. 

IV. Adjectives, Adjective Pronouns, and Participles 
agree with their nouns in Gender, Number, and Case. 

V. A Pronoun agrees with its antecedent in Gender 
and Number, but its Case depends upon the construc- 
tion of the clause in which it stands. 

VI. A Noun joined to another noun denoting the 
same person or thing is in the same case by Apposition. 

VII. A Noun limiting another noun denoting a dif- 
ferent person or thing is in the Genitive. 

VIII. The Possessive Genitive denotes the Author ? 
or the Possessor. 

IX. The Subjective Genitive denotes the Subject or 
Agent of the action or feeling. 

X. The Objective Genitive denotes the Object to- 
ward which the action or feeling is directed. 

XL The Partitive Genitive denotes the Whole of 
which a part is taken. 

XII. A Noun predicated of another noun denoting a 
different person or thing, is put in the Predicate Geni- 
tive. 

XIII. The Indirect Object of an action is in the 
Dative. 

XIV. After sum and similar verbs, the Possessor is 



RULES OF SYNTAX. Ill 

expressed by the Dative, the thing possessed being the 
subject of the verb. 

XV. The subject of the Infinitive is in the Accusa- 
tive. 

XVI. Duration of Time and Extent of Space are 
expressed by the Accusative. 

XVII. Source and Cause are denoted by the Abla- 
tive with or without a preposition ; Accompaniment is 
denoted by the Ablative, generally with the preposi- 
tion cum; Means and Instrument are denoted by the 
Ablative alone. 

XVIII. Manner is denoted by the Ablative with the 
preposition cum, unless the noun is modified by an ad- 
jective or a genitive, in which case the Ablative alone 
is used. 

XIX. That of which anything is deprived, or from 
which it is removed or separated, is expressed by the 
Ablative. 

XX. The Ablative of Specification is used with 
Nouns, Adjectives and Verbs, to denote in what respect 
anything is true. 

XXI. The Comparative is followed by the Ablative 
when quam (than) is not expressed. 

XXII. The Voluntary Agent of a verb in the passive 
voice is in the Ablative with a or ab. 

XXIII. A noun and a participle, or a noun and an 
adjective, or two nouns, may be put in the Ablative to 
denote the time, cause, or other attendant circumstan- 
ces of an action. This is called the Ablative Absolute. 
It corresponds with the Nominative Absolute in Eng- 
lish. 

XXIV. Place where is expressed by the Ablative 
with in. 

XXV. After verbs of Motion, Place to which is ex- 
pressed by the Accusative. Place from which by the 



112 RULES OF SYNTAX. 

Ablative j names of Towns, without a preposition ; 
other nouns take ad or in with the Accusative, and 
afo, de or ex with the Ablative. 

XXVI. Verbs of Declaring, Thinking, Believing, 
Knowing, take after them an Infinitive with a subject 
Accusative. 

XXVII. Clauses denoting Purpose or Eesult take 
the Subjunctive after ut. 

XXVIII. Clauses introduced by priusquam take the 
Subjunctive when they involve an idea of purpose. 

XXIX. Cum Causal (since), or Concessive (although) 
takes the Subjunctive; Cum Temporal (when) gener- 
ally takes the Indicative in the Present and Perfect 
Tenses. 

XXX. The Indirect Question has its verb in the Sub- 
junctive. 

XXXT. In Indirect Discourse (Oratio Obliqua) the 
verb of the Principal clauses is in the Infinitive, and 
the verbs of the Subordinate clauses are in the Sub- 
junctive. 

XXXII. The Subjunctive is used to express a com- 
mand, or an exhortation. In this sense it is used chiefly 
in the first and second persons singular, and the first 
and third persons plural of the Present Teuse. 

XXXIII. Clauses introduced by nisi express condi- 
tion, and take the Indicative to represent the supposed 
case as real ; and the Subjunctive to represent it as 
possible. 

XXXIV. The Active Periphrastic Conjugation, 
formed by combining the Future Active Participle with 
gum, denotes an intended or future action ; the Passive 
Periphrastic Conjugation formed by combining the 
Gerundive with sum, denotes necessity or duty. 

XXIV. Deponent Verbs are passive in form and ac- 
tive in meaning. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 113 



TABLE OF LEGAL MAXIMS 

ANNOTATED. 

1. Absoluta sententia expositione non indiget : — 2 

Inst. 533. 
Sentence appropriately denotes the action of a court 
of criminal jurisdiction in declaring the consequences 
to a convict of the fact of guilt confessed or ascer- 
tained by verdict. The judge in delivering such a 
sentence is not required by the law to give his reasons 
therefor. Commonwealth v. Lockwood, 109 Mass. 325. 
See Maxim 186. 

2. Abundans cautela non nocet. 

Caution is applied to the use of apparently super- 
fluous words, and the doing of things seemingly super- 
rogatory from an apprehension that otherwise some 
right may be yielded or prejudiced, or some power or 
privilege waived; as where formal, technical and syn- 
onymous words are employed in instruments, or where 
slightly varying averments are made in pleading. 6 
Wheat. 108. 

3. Accessorium non ducit sed sequitur suum princi- 

pale : — Co. Litt. 152a. 

Bent is incident to the reversion, and by a grant of 
the reversion the rent will pass, though by a grant of 
the rent the reversion will not pass. 

From the application of this maxim it also .follows, 
that where the principal ceases or is destroyed, the ac- 
cessory also ceases or is destroyed ; as where a less 
estate being created out of a greater and the greater 
is destroyed or determined, its destruction or termina- 



114 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

tion carries with it the destruction or termination of 
the less. Harding v. Pollock, 6 Bing. 63. See Maxim 237. 

4. Acta exteriora indicant interiora secreta:— 8 Coke 

Eeports, 291. 
The law, in some cases, judges of a man's previous 
intentions by his subsequent acts ; and on this prin- 
ciple it was decided, in a well-known case, that if a 
man abuse an authority given him by the law he be- 
comes a trespasser ab initio j but that where he abuses 
an authority given him by the party he shall not be a 
trespasser ab initio. The Six Carpenter's Case, 1 
Smith, Leading Cases, 261. . 

5. Actiones legis. 

Certain forms necessary to be observed in prosecut- 
ing suits under the Eoman laws, were composed from 
the Twelve Tables. The best English equivalent is 
law suits. 

i>. Actio non accrevit infra sex annos. 
The appropriate plea of the Statute of Limitations, 
where six years is the statutory limit. 

7. Actio non datur non damnifieato: — Jenk.Cent. 69, 
The injury here referred to must be such as the law 

makes actionable, otherwise the party is non damniji- 
catus, and the maxim damnum sine injuria applies. 
See Maxims 90, 224 and 243. 

8. Actio personalis moritur cum persona. 

In actions of tort this was formerly a general rule; 
recently, however, its application has been generally 
narrowed, but in strictness still it applies to such ac- 
tions, as, for libel, slander, false imprisonment, or 
other personal injury. By Lord Campbell's Act, com- 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 115 

pensation may now be recovered by trie relatives of a 
person negligently killed. 

The right which a husband has to the choses in ac- 
tion of his wife comes also within this rule as being a 
personal right of action dying with him, and which, 
if they be not reduced into possession during cover- 
ture, survives to the wife. 

9. Actori incumbit onus probandi : — Hob. 103. 

The burden of proof resting on a plaintiff is coex- 
tensive only with the legal proposition upon which his 
case rests. It applies to every fact which is essential 
to or necessarily involved in that proposition ; not to 
facts relied upon in defense to establish an indepen- 
dent proposition, however inconsistent with that upon 
which the plaintiff's case depends. It is for the defen- 
dant to furnish proof of such facts. Wilder v. Cowles, 
100 Mass. 490. See Maxim 108. 

10. Actus legis non facit injnriam : — 5 Co. 87. 
This maxim may be illustrated in an action of debt 

where the defendant dies before execution, the plaintiff 
may have a new execution by elegit or fieri facias ; for 
here there is no default in the plaintiff, he having fol- 
lowed the due and ordinary course of the law. 

So where a lease is made to a man and wife during 
coverture, and the husband sow the laud, and after- 
wards the parties are divorced a vinculo matrimonii, 
the husband shall have the emblements ■; for the sen- 
tence of divorce is the act of law, and actus legis nem- 
ini facit injuriam. See Maxim 114. 

11. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea : — 3 Inst. 

107. 
This maxim has reference chiefly to criminal pro- 
ceedings, and in such cases it is the rule that the act 






116 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

and the intent must both coneur to constitute a crime; 
yet the law will sometimes imply the intent from the 
act under the maxim, acta exteriora indicant inter- 
iora, as illustrated in Maxim 4. 

So murder furnishes at once an instance illustrative 
of both maxims under consideration; for though, on 
the one hand, the act of killing does not of itself con- 
stitute the guilt, unless done with a guilty intent, yet 
in such case a guilty intent will be presumed. Reg. v. 
Woodrow, 15 M. & W. 401. See Maxims 90 and 243. 

12. Ad ea qua? frequenting acciduut jura adaptan- 

tur:— .5 Inst, 137. 
The meaning of this maxim is that the laws are to 
be so framed as that they be made to adapt themselves 
to those cases which, in the ordinary transactions of 
the world, most frequently occur, in [(reference to their 
being made to adapt themselves to any isolated or in- 
dividual case. Robinson v. Cotterell, 11 Exch. 628. 

13. Ad qusestionem facti non respondent judices ; 

ad qusestionem juris non respondent jura- 
tores :— Co. Litt. 295. 

Matters of fact are tried by jurors, matters of law by 
the judges, and the duty of the jurors is to find the 
truth of the fact, and leave the decision of the law to 
the judges. 

In some cases a jury may be said to exercise also the 
office of a judge; as, when they are directed as to the 
law by the judge, but in giving their verdict misapply 
it, whether from wilfulness or misapprehension. 

So judges, by recent legislation, have, in many cases ; 
been given the power to decide matters of fact, as well 
as of law, without the intervention of a jury; in some 
cases with, and in others without, the consent of par- 
ties. Bartlett v. Smith, 11 M. & W. 486. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 117 

14. Ad perpetuarn rei memoriam. 

This is the name given to a bill in equity brought to 
secure the testimony of witnesses with reference to 
same matter which is not in litigation but is likely to be, 
thus difl'ering from a bill to take testimony de bene esse, 
which is sustainable only when there is a suit already 
pending. 

15. iEdificare in tuo proprio solo non licet quod 

alteri nocet : — 3 Inst. 301. 

A man must enjoy his own property in such a man- 
ner as not to invade the legal rights of his neighbor. 

So an action will lie, if, by an erection on his own 
land, a man obstructs the ancient lights and windows 
of another. See Maxims 172 and 355. 

16. iEquitas legem sequitur : — Branch M. 8. 
This maxim, though largely quoted by the earlier 

chancellors, is true in a very narrow and restricted 
sense in two meanings : first, equity follows the law in 
the sense of obeying it and conforming to its general 
rules and policy; and secondly, in applying legal rules 
to equitable estates. 

Thus, in the interpretation of statutes, and in the 
construction of wills, and other legal instruments, this 
maxim applies. 

17. JEquitas nunquam contravenit legis. 

It is the function of equity rather to supplement the 
law by affording full relief, as in case of specific per- 
formance of a contract, where the law only gives par- 
tial relief in damages. 

18. Alienatio rei prsefertur juri accrescendi : — Co. 

Litt. 185a. 
From the time of the Norman Conquest many statutes 
have been passed, beginning with the Magna Charta, 



118 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

Laving a tendency to encourage alienation, until the 
law became what it now is, and as represented by this 
maxim. 

Now, there are statutes preventing the restriction of 
alienation of real estate, and preventing the accumula- 
tion of personal estate ; real estate being inalienable 
for a longer period than for a life or lives in being and 
twenty -one years afterwards, and the accumulation of 
personal estate being restricted to a life or lives in 
being or twenty-one years. Thelluson v. Woodford, 11 
Yes. juu. 112, 149. Fowler v. Fowler, 10 L. T. (N. S.) 682. 

19. Allegnns contraria non est audiendus : — Jenk. 

Exch. Rep. 16. 

A witness will not be allowed to contradict himself, 
nor a party to contradict his own witness. A landlord 
distraining shall not be allowed to deny that a tenancy 
existed ; nor shall a tenant dispute his landlord's title, 
for, in both instances, they are precluded by the doc- 
trine of estoppel. 

Trover furnishes a simple instance of the application 
of this maxim, a verdict in trover being a bar to an 
action for money had and received brought for the 
value of the same goods. So a judgment in trespass, 
in which the right of property is determined, is a bar 
in an action of trover for the same thing. Whar. Max. 9. 

20. Allegans suam turpitudinem non est audiendus: 

4 Co. Ins. 279. 
• The meaning is that no one shall be heard in a court 
of justice to allege his own turpitude or infamy as a 
foundation of a right or claim ; not that a man shall 
not be heard who testifies to his own turpitude or 
criminality, however much his testimony may be dis- 
credited by his character. In Be Hallet, Knatchbull 
v. Hallett, 13 Ch. Div. 696. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 119 

21. Allegatio contra factum non est admittenda. 
This is a rule of evidence which excludes all untrue 

statements, but, if the doctrine of estoppel applies, a 
party will not be allowed to prove even what is true. 
For estoppel see Maxims 19, 26 f 5 and 269. 

22. Ambiguitas contra stipulatorem est. 

Thus, if, in a lease, words of exception be used am- 
biguously, the same being words of the lessor, they are 
construed most strongly against him. 

23. Ambiguitas verborum patens nulla verifica- 

tione excluditur. 
Ambiguitas patens — patent or open ambiguity — is 
where the ambiguity is plainly perceptible upon the 
face of the document under consideration, and is not 
raised by extrinsic evidence, in which case parol evi- 
dence will not be admitted to explain such ambiguity: 
thus where a testator makes a devise, but omits to in- 
sert the name of the devisee ; in such case the devise 
will fail, for, to admit parol evidence to supply this de- 
fect, would be to make a devise which the testator him- 
self had not made. See Maxim 73. 

24. A mensa et thoro. 

This phrase describes a total divorce : a complete 
dissel«44on-of the marriage relation with all incidental 
rights. 

25. Amicus curiae : — 8 Co. 15. 

One who for the assistance of the court gives infor- 
mation of some matter of law in regard to which the 
court is doubtful or mistaken. 

The information may extend to any matter of which 
the court takes judicial cognizance. 



120 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

26. Angliae jura in omni casu libertati dant fav- 

orem :— Halk. Max. 12 (1823.) 
Time was in English history when the laws did not 
in every case favor liberty, but the above maxim has 
been more perfectly realized since the Magna Charta, 
Bill of Eights, Habeas Corpus and similar measures. 

27. Ammo furandi ; — Co. 3d Inst. 107. 

In order to constitute larceny, the thief must take 
the property animo furandi ; for, when the taking of 
property is lawful, although it may afterwards be con- 
verted animo furandi to the taker's use, it is not lar- 
ceny. 

28. Animo testandi. 

This is required to make a valid will ; for whatever 
form may have been adopted, if there was no animo 
testandi, there can be no will. 

An idiot, for example, can make no will, for he can 
have no intention. 

29. Annus luctus: — Code, 5, 9, 2. 

It was a rule among the Bomans and also the Danes 
and Saxons, that the widow should not marry infra 
annum luctus — within the year of mourning — that is 
the year following the death of the husband. 1 Bl. 
Com. 457. 

30. Aqua currit et debet currere. 

IsTo one can have any right of property in a running 
stream, but only a right to use it ; and this must be so 
exercised as not to iuterfere with other persons possess- 
ing similar rights. 

A land owner has no better right to stop the flow of 
a water course, which has its origin on his land than 
if it arose elsewhere. Varick v. Smith, 5 Paige, 137. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 121 

31. Arbitriuin est judicium : — Jenk. Cent. 137. 
By an award is generally understood the decision of 

a board of arbitrators, a valid award being equivalent 
to a judgment on a verdict. 

A party disobeying such an award is punishable as 
for contempt of court. 

32. Arbor dum crescit; lignum cum crescere nescit : 

2 Bui. 82. 

When the trunk of a tree is severed from the root 
and felled to the earth, it becomes timber or lumber. 

While the timber is standing, it constitutes a part 
of the realty ; severed from the soil its character is 
changed — it becomes personalty. 21 Wall. 64. 

33. Argumentum ab auctoritate fortissimum est in 

lege :— Co. Litt. 251. 
This is an argument, which draws its force from the 
opinions of persons long held in repute or reverence. 

34. Argumentum ab impotentia plurimum valet in 

lege. See Maxim 147. 

35. Argumentum ad hominem. 

An argument proving a conclusion from the princi- 
ples and practices of an opponent; often by showing 
them to be contrary to his argument. 

36. Argumentum ad ignorantiam. 

An argument based upon the ignorance of one's ad- 
versary or hearers, or which bases its claim to validity 
because of tueir disability to disprove it. 

37. Anna in armatos sumere jura sinunt : — 2 Jus. 

574. 



122 • LEGAL MAXIMS. 

This is permitted on the ground of self-defense, 
which principle was early recognized by the civil law. 

38. Assento mentium. 

Assent given by all the parties to an act or contract; 
the meeting of the minds of tbe parties to any trans- 
action. Mutual assent, which is the meeting of the 
minds of both parties to a contract, is vital to the exist- 
ence of a contract. Moreover, this requisite assent 
must be the work of the parties themselves, as the law 
can not supply it. 

39. Assignatus utitur jure auctoris : — Hal. Max. 14. 

This maxim applies generally to all property, real 
and personal, and refers to assigns by act of parties, 
as where the assignment is by deed; and to assigns by 
operation of law, as in the case of an executor. All 
rights of the assignor in the thing assigned must pass 
from him to the assignee by virtue of the assignment, 
for duo non possunt in solido unam rem possidere. — 
Two persons cannot possess one thing in entirety. 

It should be observed, also, that the thiug assigned 
takes with it all the liabilities attached to it in the 
hands of the assignor at the time of assignment, ex- 
cept in cases for the encouragement of commerce, such 
as sales in market overt, negotiation of promissory 
notes, bills of exchange, etc. See Maxims 268 and 
314. 

40. Audi alteram partem. 

Iso man is to be condemned unheard. This is one 
of the fundamental principles of the British Consti- 
tution. 

41. Aula re sis. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 123 

A court established by the Conqueror to advise the 
king in matters of great moment. It was composed 
of the king's great officers resident in his palace, the 
lord high constable, steward, treasurer, the lord chan- 
cellor and others. These were assisted by persons 
learned in the laws — the king's justices, and by the 
great barons of Parliament. This court was subdivided 
into chancery, king's bench, exchequer and common 
pleas. The last being in a special sense the successor 
of the aula regis. 

42. A vinculo matrimonii. 

This term describes a partial divorce: separation of - 
the parties by law, with all rights preserved. 

43. Benignior sententia in verbis generalibus seu 

dubiis est prreferenda : — 4 Eep. 15. 
This maxim proceeds upon the principle of carrying 
into effect, as far and as nearly as possible, the inten- 
tion of the testator, and if there be a general and also 
a particular intention apparent on the will, and the 
particular intention cannot take effect, the words shall 
be so construed as to give effect to the general inten- 
tion. This is the cy pres doctrine which is carried into 
efficient operation by courts of equity. 

44. Bis dat qui cito dat. 

This maxim needs no explanation, and it is recog- 
nized by all as being expressive of the highest gener- 
osity. 

45. Bona fide. 

A purchaser bona fide is one who actually purchases 
in good faith. 2 Kent, 512. 

The law requires all persons in a transaction to act 
with good faith; and a contract where one of the par- 



124 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

ties has not acted bona fide is void at the pleasure of 
the innocent party. 8 Johns. 446. 

But if a contract be made with good faith, subsequent 
fraudulent acts will not vitiate it. 2 Miles, 229. 

46. Boni judicis est ampliare jurisdictionem : — 

Chan. Prac. 329. 
The word jurisdictionem should be, according to Lord 
Mansfield, justitiam, and the meaning of the maxim in 
such case is that to be a good judge is to amplify in 
his office the remedies the law gives, so as, in the most 
perfect manner, to do the most complete justice, not 
letting substantial justice be frittered away by nice 
and unmeaning technicalities, or himself to lay hold of 
such technicalities as a means of avoiding giving a de- 
cision accordiug to the very right, in broad and sub- 
stantial justice. But this maxim does not mean that 
a good judge will exceed the limits of his jurisdiction, 
or that he will do anything other than that which, by 
the law and practice of his court, he is authorized to 
do. Whar. Max. 14. 

47. Boni judicis est judicium sine dilatione man- 

dare executioni: — Co. Litt. 289. 
A judgment, being the sentence of law pronounced 
by the court, upon the matter contained in the record, 
should, when once rendered, be executed with all pos- 
sible speed, consonant with the rights of the party 
against whom it is rendered, and with the practice of 
the court. 

48. Boni judicis lites dirimere est: — 4 Eep. 15. 

This may be done by refusing to entertain suits with- 
out merit and by according speedy relief to those who 
have a standing in court. See Maxims 50, 97 and 170. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 125 

49. Bonus. A premium paid to a grantor or ven- 

dor. 

Extraordinary profit accruing in the operation of a 
stock company. 10 Ves. Ct. 185. 

An additional premium paid for the use of money 
beyond the legal interest. 2 Parsons, Contr. 391. 

50. Bonus judex secundum sequum et bonum judi- 

cat et aequitatem stricto jure praefert : — Co. 
Litt. 24. 

This maxim is scarcely more than another way of 
stating Maxim 48. 

"I commend the judge," observes Lord Hobart, 
u who seems fine and ingenious, so it tend to right and 
equity ; and I condemn them who, either out of pleas- 
ure to show a subtle wit, will destroy, or out of incur- 
iousness or negligence, will not labor to support, the 
act of the party by the art or act of the law. Hobart, 
125. 

51. Breve judiciale non cadit pro defectu formae: — 

Jenk. Cent. 43. 
It is the duty of the judge to look to the substance 
rather than the form, and when called upon to pass 
upon the validity of a writ, to disregard purely formal 
defects. 

52. Cassetur billa. 

A judgment sometimes entered against the plaintiff 
at his request when, in consequence of allegations of 
the defendant, he can no longer prosecute his suit with 
effect. It is always the appropriate judgment for the 
defendant after a successful plea in abatement. 

The effect of such a judgment is to stop proceedings, 
and exonerate the plaintiff from liability for future 



126 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

costs, leaving him free -to sue out new process. Gould 
PL 139. 

53. Casus fortuitus non est sperandus; et nemo 
. tenetur divinare : — 4 Co. 66. 

This is another way of saying nemo tenetur ad im- 
possibilia, for to foresee a fortuitous or unlooked for 
event is impossible, and this the law requires of no 
one. This maxim, however, would not excuse anyone 
from liability resulting reasonably from one's act, al- 
though such liability was njt foreseen by the party 
himself. 

54. Catalla reputantur inter minima in lege : — Jenk. 

Cent. 28. 
Under the feudal system unusual privileges were ac- 
corded to the owners of real estate, and, besides, it 
constituted by far the greater part of property, hence 
chattels, which primarily meant beasts of burden, were 
not much regarded by the law. To such an absurd 
extent was this rule carried, that a life estate was of 
greater dignity than a term for a thousand years. 

55. Causa proxima non remota spectatur: — Bac. 

Max., reg. 1. 

"It were infinite for the law to consider the cause 
of causes and their impulsions one of another ; there- 
fore it contented itself with the immediate cause, and 
juclgeth of acts by that, without looking to any further 
degree." Lord Bacon. 

This maxim, although of general application, is, in 
practice, usually cited with reference to that particular 
branch of the law which concerns marine insurance. 

" The general rule is clear, that to constitute inter- 
est insurable against a peril, it must be an interest 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 127 

such that the peril would, by its proximate effect, 
cause damage to the assured." Seagrove v. Union Mar. 
Ids. Co., L. E. 1 C. P. 320. See Maxim 158. 

56. Caveat emptor: — Hob. 99. 

A purchaser of property must examine and judge 
for himself as to its title and quality, unless dissuaded 
by representation. This maxim applies to all descrip 
tious of property. 

The fundamental inquiry is whether, under the cir- 
cumstances of the case, the buyer had the right to 
rely and necessarily relied upon the judgment of the 
seller. Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton, 110 TJ. S. 
116. Positive fraud, it may be added, vitiates all con- 
tracts and such a contract may be declared void, as 
deed it is ab initio. 

57. Caveat venditor. 

This maxim of the civil law expresses a doctriue 
the reverse of the rule of caveat emptor of the common 
law. 

It applies to executory sales, to contracts for goods 
to be manufactured or produced, or to sales where the 
buyer has no opportunity to inspect the article pur- 
chased. 0. 

58. Cepi corpus et est languidus. 

The return made by an officer, when a person, who is 
arrested, is so sick that to remove him would endanger 
his health or life. 

Such a person may be left in charge of a deputy. 

59. Cepi corpus et paratum habeo. 

The return made by an officer, when a defendant, 



128 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

who has been arrested,' is held by being subject to the 
order of the court. 

60. Certum est quod certum reddi potest: — 9 Co. 47. 
When the law requires certainty, that is accepted 

for certainty which, by computation or testimony, can 
be shown to be already certain. 

Thus, in a contract for the sale of lands or goods, 
where the particulars of the lands or goods contracted 
to be sold are not set out in the contract, but reference 
is made to another instrument, in which they are set 
out; and, where, on the sale of large quantities of ma- 
chinery and stock in trade, reference is made to an 
advertisement in the newspapers or to particulars of 
sale by auction. 

61. Cessante causa, cessat effectus: — Co. Litt. 70. 

See Maxim 02. 

62. Cessante ratione legis, cessat ipsa lex: — Co. 

Litt. 70. 

This finds familiar illustration in the protection 
from all civil process given to a foreign ambassador 
whilst in the exercise of the duties of his office in this 
country; to members of Parliament during the sitting 
of Parliament; to all judges exercising their judicial 
functions, and to barristers attending the courts of 
law and equity. The reason in these particular cases 
being that such protection is necessary for the per- 
formance by them of their respective duties, but the 
moment they cease to be so acting the protection so 
afforded them also ceases. 

The maxim is also applicable to property and finds 
illustration in the case of a proprietor, who is respon- 
sible for the due performance of rights and duties re- 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 129 

specting his property, so long as he is owner thereof ; 
but so soon as the property passes from him, the inci- 
dents connected therewith, which the law attaches 
thereto, also pass. Whar. Max. 17. See Maxims 61, 
334 and 367. 

63. Clausulse inconsuetse semper inducunt sus- 

picionem : — 3 Co. 18. 
In Twyne's case (1 Smith's Leading Cases, 1), a deed 
containing a clause that the gift was made " honestly, 
truly and bona fide," was held fraudulent and void, 
even though made for a valuable consideration. The 
French express it differently — qui s' 'excuse 8> accuse. See 
Maxim 101. 

64. Cogitationis pcenam nemo meretur : — 2 Inst. 

Jur. Civ. 658. 
It is laid down by Lord Mansfield that, so long as 
an act rests in bare intention, it is not punishable, yet 
when an act is done, the law judges not only of the act 
itself, but of the intent with which it was done. An 
exception to this rule under the common law was to be 
found in the case of treason where the maxim voluntas 
reputatur pro facto — the will is taken for the deed — 
applied. See Maxim 383. 

65. Commodatum. 

A contract by which one of the parties binds himself 
to return to the other certain personal chattels which 
the latter delivers to him to be used by him without 
reward. 

66. Communis error facit jus : — 4 Inst. 240. 
Communis error, or common error, is another name 

for communis opinio, or common opinion, thus ex- 
9 



130 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

pressed by Littleton : II est communement dit — it is 
commonly said: 

Law is the common voice of the people, and that 
which is common to all must govern each. Moreover, 
to say that common error is law is merely to say that 
what is called universal opinion may be, and frequently 
is, universal error, though till the error is discovered 
it is law. 

It should, however, be borne in mind that a law 
founded upon the above maxim is good only so long as 
it is not opposed to any positive law to the contrary. 
Whar. Max. 18. See Maxim 246. 

67. Conditio prsecedens adimpleri debet priusquam 

sequatar effectus : — Co. Litt. 201. 

In case of a conditional contract, the condition pre- 
cedent must happen before either party becomes bound 
by the contract. 

Condition precedent is usually applied to estates, 
which are either to vest or become enlarged upon the 
happening of the condition precedent. Thus, if an 
estate be limited to A. for life upon his marriage with 
B., the marriage is a condition precedent. 

68. Confessio, facta in judicio, omniprobatione ma- 

jor est : — Jenk. Cent. 102. 
The confession here referred to has reference to crim- 
inal law, and is an admission by the prisoner that he 
has committed the crime with which he is charged. 
When made in open court it is termed judicial, and, by 
reason of its great solemnity, is regarded as evidence of 
the highest value. 

69. Confirmatio est nulla ubi don urn praecedens est 

invalidum : — Co. Litt. 295. 
An illegal act cannot be rendered valid by a sub- 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 131 

sequent confirmation. Thus, a lease for twenty years, 
fraudulently executed by a life-tenant, cannot be con- 
firmed by the reversioner or remainderman. 

70. Consensus non concubitus facit matrimonium ; 

et consentire non possunt ante nubiles annos: 
6 Co. 22. 

This maxim has been adopted from the civil law by 
tbe common lawyers, and marriage under this rule of 
the civil law is a civil contract, such contract being 
the present consent to the present marriage, as differ- 
ing from the present consent to the future marriage of 
the parties ; to give such consent tlie parties must be 
of proper age, as in the latter part of the maxim, other- 
wise the marriage is void as to such one who is not 
of such proper age, at bis or her election, on attain- 
ing such proper age. 

Different countries have different usages with regard 
to the ceremonies to be performed at the celebration of 
marriage ; but consent is everywhere absolutely neces- 
sary to constitute a natural and legitimate union. 

The rule that consensus facit matrimonium is also 
applicable to the case in which either party, at the 
date of the marriage, is laboring under mental incapa- 
city. See Maxim 138. 

71. Consensus tollit errorem : — Co. Litt. 126. 
Whatever is pleaded and not denied, shall be taken 

as admitted, and the jury cannot find to the contrary ; 
as, if the defendant in an action of covenant does not 
plead non est factum, the execution of so much of the 
deed as is on the record is admitted. Also suffering 
judgment by default is an admission on the record of 
the cause of action ; as, in an action against the ac- 
ceptor of a bill of exchange, the defendant, by suffer- 



132 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

ing judgment by default, admits a cause of action to 
the amount of the bill. 

Consent is as much given in standing by without ob- 
jection as in actual expressed assent. 

This rule should be cautiously observed, as in all 
proceedings, legal or otherwise, where consent or re- 
fusal is required, in the advance of positive refusal, 
consent will be implied ; as qui non improbat, approbat 
— he who does not blame, approves. Wbar. Max. 19. 
See Maxims 134, 317. 

72. Consuetudo loci observanda est. 

Custom, consuetudo, is a law not written, but estab- 
lished by long usage concurred in by all. Where a 
law is established by an implied consent, it is either 
common law or custom ; if it be universal, it is common 
law ; if particular to this or that place, it is custom. 

There are several requisites to the validity of a cus- 
tom ; namely, certainty, reasonableness, immemorial 
existence, uninterrupted continuance, peaceable enjoy- 
ment and acquiescence in, compulsory and consistent 
with other customs, while customs in derogation of the 
rights ot property must be strictly construed. 

Where, therefore, a custom, characterized as above, 
has acquired the force of express law, reference must 
of course be made thereto in order to determine the 
rights and liabilities of parties arising out of transac- 
tions affected by it; for optimus interpres rerum usus — 
the best interpreter of affairs is usage. See Maxims 
295 and 296. 

73. Contemporanea expositio est optima et fortis- 

sima in lege: — 2 Inst. 11. 
Where the language of a document, of whatever 
description, is doubtful, its meaning is best under- 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 133 

stood by reference to, and consideration of, the circum- 
stances attending its original formation. 

All deeds, wills, contracts and statutes are made to 
effect some particular object, existing and in view of 
the parties at the time they are made ; and the circum- 
stances attending their creation are, therefore, the 
best guides to their interpretation. 

Where the language of the instrument is plain no ex- 
trinsic circumstances will be permitted to be adduced, 
for that would be to make a contract for the parties 
which, it plainly appeared, they had not made. Whar. 
Max. 21. See Maxims 23 and 117. 

74. Contra bonos mores. 

This applies to offenses against good morals, such as 
indecency and obscenity: and also to a contract 
against good morals, which will not be enforced by 
the courts, as an obligation resting upon an immoral 
consideration. 2 Wils. 447. See Maxim 111. 

75. Contractus est quasi actus contra actum: — 2 Co. 

15. 
A contract to be enforceable must contain a consid- 
eration as well as an agreement, otherwise it is a nu- 
dum "pactum, or an agreement without a consideration, 
and as such is not recognized in law. 

76. Contra non valentem agere nulla currit prae- 

scriptio. 

Generally, prescription runs only from the time 
when the plaintiff might have brought his action, un- 
less then under disability. 

In actions brought to recover land, rent or legacies, 
a certain additional time is allowed after the disability 
ceases. 



134 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

In actions having reference only to things strictly 
personal, the same time is allowed, after the disabil- 
ity ceases, as would have been allowed at the time the 
cause of action accrued had no such disability then 
existed. 

But where the statute has begun to run no subse- 
quent disability interrupts it. 

77. Conventio privatorum non potest publico juri 

derogare: — Wing. 746. See Maxim 78 and 
297. 

78. Conventio et modus viucunt legem: — 2 Co. 73. 
This maxim is the most elementary principle of the 

law relative to contracts. The conditions annexed to a 
grant or devise, the covenants in a conveyance, and 
the agreements, whether written or verbal, entered 
into between parties, have, when duly executed and 
perfected, and subjected to certain restrictions, the 
force of law over those who are parties to such instru- 
ments or agreements. Broom Max. 690. See Maxim 
297. 

79. Coram Domino Bege. 

Proceedings in the Court of King's Bench are said 
to be coram rege ipso. 3 Bla. Com. 4. 

80. Corpus delicti. 

The essential element of an offense: the fact that 
a particular crime has been committed. 

The corpus delicti in murder has two components: 
death as the result, and criminal agency of another as 
the means. 

When there is direct proof of the one, the other may 
be established by circumstantial evidence. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 135 

The possession of the fruits of a crime may do away 
with direct proof of the corpus delicti. 

81. Corpus humanum non recipit aBstimatiouem: — 

Hob. 59. 
There is no standard by which to estimate an injury 
inflicted upon the person, and especially is this true 
when the injury results in death. 

82. Crescente malitia erescere debet et pcena: — 2 

Inst. 479. See Maxims 90 and 243. 

83. Crimen omnia ex se nata vitiat: — 5 Hill, 523. 
This applies to a contract tainted with fraud. If 

the intention of the parties to the contract be corrupt 
in the substance and design, no pretext, however 
plausible, no contrivance, however specious, no color- 
ing, however artful, can veil the transaction. 

84. Crimen trahit personam: — People v. Adams, 3 

Den. 190 and 210. 
Personal presence at the place where the crime is 
committed is not always essential to make the 
offender a principal. This occurs where the crime is 
committed by means of an innocent living' agent. The 
employer though absent is deemed to have been per- 
sonally present. To assert the contrary is to hold 
there may be a crime without a criminal. 

85. Cujus est dare, ejus est disponere: — Wing. 
Max. 53. 

This maxim sets forth the principle on which the 
old feudal system of feoffment depended — it is the 
tenor of the feudal grant which regulates its effect 
and extent. 

This rule, however, is subject to qualifications when 



136 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

applied to modern law. Although it is true, in gen- 
eral, that the law permits every man to part with hi? 
own interest, and to qualify his own grant as he 
pleases, yet it does not permit any allowance or recom- 
pense to be made if the thing granted be not taken as 
it is granted, and, therefore, if one grants a common 
for ten beasts for three years, and the grantee neglect 
for two years to use the right thus given, he shall not 
the third year have common for thirty beasts, for the 
time is certain and precise. 

86. Cujus solum, ejus est usque ad coelum ; et ad 

inferos : — Co. Litt. 4. 

He who owns the land owns all above and all below 
the surface. Upward no man may erect a building to 
overhang another's land ; and downward, whatever is 
in a direct line belongs to the owner of the surface. 

It is under the same rule, or ad inferos, that taking 
away the natural support of the adjoining soil from a 
house or other structure is a trespass against the owner 
of the land and is actionable. 

This maxim is, to some extent, connected with the 
maxim, sic utere tuo ut alienum non Icedas — so use your 
own as not to injure what belongs to another ; and no 
person, generally speaking, will be permitted to use 
his land to the injury of his neighbor. Eedman v. For- 
man, 83 Ky. 216. See Maxims 15 and 355. 

87. Cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur in tes- 

tamentis ultimum ratum est : — Co. Litt. 112. 
This maxim must be applied with caution, inasmuch 
as it is subject to the general rule of construction in 
wills, by which the intention of the testator must be 
the paramount consideration and which intention must 
be gathered from the whole tenor of the will. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 137 

Two apparently contradictory clauses will, if pos- 
sible, be reconciled so as to carry out the intention of 
the testator, and so as not to reject either. 

But where there are two clauses manifestly repug- 
nant to each other, as two devises of the same thing to 
different persons, then the maxim holds good, unless a 
contrary intention cau be gathered from the whole in- 
strument. Morrall v. Sutton, 1 Phill. 536. 

88. Cnrsus curiae est lex curiae : — 3 Buls. 53. 

This applies to courts of equity as well as of common 
law ; but the practice of one court does not govern that 
of any other, nor does the maxim mean that a court 
may interfere with, to pervert or nullify, positive stat- 
utory enactment and the due course of the law. 

The court must see to it that the law, according to 
the practice of the court, is carried into effect, for the 
law would be of no avail without the means of carrying 
it into effect, and courts of law would be chaos without 
rules for their government. Wallworth v. Holt, 4 My. 
& Cr. 635. See Maxim 131 and 377. 

89. Custodia legis. 

Property lawfully taken by virtue of legal process is 
in the custody of the law; so with a person under law- 
ful arrest. See Maxim 130. 

90. Damnum sine injuria. 

Injuria is here to be taken in the sense of legal in- 
jury ; and in the absence of malice there are many 
cases of wrong or suffering inflicted upon one for which 
the law gives no remedy ; as where a public agent, 
within the scope of his authority, causes damage, it is 
simply damnum sine injuria', also where an owner, pru- 
dently exercising his right of ownership does acts, 



138 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

which cause loss to another. 10 Mete. 371. See Max- 
ims 7, 224 and 243. 

91. Debile fuudamentum fallit opus: — Noy Max. 

20. 
This maxim is familiarly illustrated in the case of a 
will void by reason of its not being - duly attested ac- 
cording to statute provisions, or on account of the 
coverture of the testatrix at the time of making the 
will. All the dispositions and limitations of property 
contained therein are also necessarily void, nor can the 
original defect be cured by lapse of time. 

92. Debitor non prsesumitur don are : — Jur. Civ. 
This maxim has reference to the law of satisfaction. 

When a debtor bequeaths to his creditor a sum of 
money equal to or exceeding the amount of his debt, 
it is presumed, in the absence of any contrary inten- 
tion, that such legacy was meant, and was given, by 
the testator as a satisfaction of the debt. 

This presumption does not arise, however, where the 
debt was not contracted until after the will was made, 
or where the legacy was contingent, or specific. Talbot 
v. Shrewsbury, 2 White & Tudor, Leading Cases in 
Equity, 378. See Maxims 268 and 314. 

93. Debitum et contractus sunt nnllius loci: — 7 Co. 

61. 
This refers to the common law rule respecting venue, 
which had to be laid truly in all actions except those 
of a transitory nature, such as contract and debt, in 
which actions it might have been laid in any county 
where the plaintiff found the defendant. 

94. Debitum in prsesenti, solvendum in futuro : — 

Leggett v. Bank of Sing Sing, 24 N. Y. 283. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 139 

This describes any class of obligations complete at 
the present day, though payable in the future. 

95. De bonis non administratis. 

Occurs where another administrator has died, or 
been discharged, leaving a part of the estate unset- 
tled , 

96. Delegata potestas uon potest delegari : — 2 

Inst. 597. 
Whenever authority is conferred upon a particular 
individual, he cannot lawfully devolve the duties of 
his appointment or the functions of his office upon any 
other person, unless allowed so to do by express words, 
by acts equivalent thereto, or by the usage of trade. 
Hunt v. Burrell, 5 Johns. See Maxims 3, 99 and 311. 

97. De minimis lex uon curat : — Cro. Eliz. 353. 
This is shown in the refusal of courts to grant new 

trials in trifling cases, or where the damages are 
small, in refusing to try trifling actions, in amending 
proceedings for defect in form ; but, generally speak- 
ing, subject to above and kindred qualifications, every 
legal right may be enforced, and every wrong, how- 
ever slight, has its remedy. 5 Hill, 170. See Maxims 
48 and 115. 

98. De non apparentibus et de non existentibus ea- 

dem est ratio : — 5 Co. 6. 

A thing which is not made to appear is regarded as 
if it could not be made to appear and did not therefore 
exist. 

The record of a court of limited or inferior jurisdic- 
tion must show jurisdiction rightfully exercised, but 
in courts of record of general jurisdiction all things are 



140 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

presumed to have been rightly done. So the contents 
of a document in dispute must be proved. 4 Mass. 685. 
See Maxim 328. 

99. Derivativa potestas non potest esse major prim- 

itiva : — Noy Wing. 66 ; Wiug. 26. See Max- 
ims 3, 96 and 311. 

100. Deus solus haeredem facere potest, non homo : 

Co. Litt. 7. 

The word heir in legal understanding signifies him 
to whom lands, tenements, or hereditaments, by the 
act of God and right of blood, descend. 

Hence no one can be heir who is not exjustis nuptiis 
procreatus — begotten of a lawful marriage. See Max- 
ims 141, 142 and 299. 

101. Dies Dominicus non est juridicus : — Co. Litt* 

135. 

None of the courts of law or equity can sit upon this 
day ; nor is the execution of any civil process, nor the 
performance of any works, save of necessity or charity, 
lawful. 

But arrests in criminal cases, and all proceedings and 
acts necessary for the immediate protection and safety 
of the State, are exceptions, even if not made so by 
statute. Wright v. Lewis, 9 Dowe. 183. 

102. Discretio est discernere per legem quid sit jus- 

turn :— 10 Co. 140. 
"Discretion, when applied to a court of justice, means 
sound discretion guided by law. It must be governed 
by rule, not by humor ; it must not be arbitrary, vague, 
and fanciful, but legal and regular." Lord Mansfield. 
E. V. Wilkes, 2 Burr. 25, 39. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 141 

103. Domus sua cuique est tutissimum refugium : — 

5 Co. 91. 

Under this maxim a man's house is a refuge for him 
as against any civil process, to serve which no officer 
is, in general, allowed to break open an outside door ; 
though in criminal proceedings this may be done, as the 
public safety supersedes private. 

A man may defend his house even to the taking of 
life, if apparently necessary to prevent persons from 
entering it by force. Davison v. People, 90 111. 229. 

104. Dona clandestina sunt semper suspiciosa: — ISoy 

Max. 152. 
Secret transfers of property are always regarded with 
distrust. See Maxim 63. 

105. Dormiunt leges aliquando, nunquam moriun- 

tur. 2 Inst. 161. 
For example, a state of war sometimes suspends the 
the operation of the statute of limitations, but on the 
cessation of hostilities the statute again begins to run. 

106. Dotilexfavet ; praemiumpudorisest ; ideopar- 

catur : — Co. Litt. 31. 
So strong is the maxim in its operation, that dower, 
when it once attaches, can not be defeated except by 
the consent of the wife, or by divorce a vinculo. 

107. Duo non possunt in solido uiiam rem possidere : 

Co. Litt. 368. See Maxim 39. 

108. Ei incumbit probatio qui elicit, non qui negat. 
The principle is that he who affirms the existence of 

a given state of facts must prove it ; a rule adopted be- 
cause the negative does not admit of the direct and 
simple proof of which the affirmative is capable. See 
Maxim 9. 



142 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

109. Error, qui non restituitur, approbatur : Doc. 
and Stud. C. 70. 

Thus one who enables another to commit a fraud is 
answerable. A person who has a title to property of- 
fered for sale at an auction, and, knowing his title, 
stands by and encourages the sale, or does not forbid 
it, will be bound by the sale. See Maxims 71 and 317. 

110. Exceptio probat regulam. 

The translation carries with it its own explanation. 

111. Ex dolo malo actio non oritur : — Cowp. 343. 
This maxim establishes the position that an action 

cannot be maintained which is founded in fraud, or 
which springs ex turpe causa. 

A court of law will not lend its aid to enforce the 
performance of a contract, which appears to have been 
entered into by both the contracting parties for the 
express purpose of carrying into effect that which is 
prohibited by the law of the land, or which is founded 
on an immoral consideration. See Maxims 74 and 119. 

112. Executio est executio juris secundum judicium: 

3 Inst. 512. See Maxim 113. 

113. Executio legis est finis et fructus legis: — Co. 

Litt. 209. See Maxim 112. 

114. Executio legis non habet injufiam : — 2 Inst. 

482. 
Courts of law should see to it that the process of the 
court is not made use of for the purpose of oppression 
and injustice, though, however rigorous the remedy may 
seem to be, that one is not to be considered unjust who 
resorts to the courts merely to obtain his legal rights. 
It is not the use but the abuse of the process of law, 
which makes an injury, and the misuser of the process 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 143 

of the law is a question of damages between the par- 
ties. Hobart, 269. See Maxim 10. 

115. Ex nil nihil fit. See Maxim 97. 

116. Ex nudo paeto actio non oritur : — PI. Com. 305. 
This refers to a parol or simple contract, whether by 

word of mouth or writing ; but not to a contract under 
seal, which does not require a consideration. 

This consideration, however, need not be money or 
goods, but it may proceed from nature, as a contract 
by a father with another that if tbe latter will take his 
daughter to wife he will give him $1,000. Here the 
money may be recovered by an action. See Maxim 119. 

117. Ex prsecedentibus et consequentibus optima fit 

interpretatio. See Maxims 23 and 73. 

118. Extra legem positus est civiliter mortuus. 
One civiliter mortuus is dead only in contemplation 

of law. 

Formerly if a man was banished or abjured by the 
realm he was civilly dead. 

A bankrupt is so regarded with us. International 
Bank v. Sherman, 101 IT. S. 406. See Maxim 160. 

119. Ex turpe causa non oritur actio : — Cowp. 343. 

See Maxims 74 and 111. 

120. Facultas probationum non est angustanda : — 4 

Inst. 279. 
The law permits a man to introduce all the evidence 
at bis command that is not excluded because of irrel- 
evancy, immateriality, etc. See Maxim 274. 

121. Falsa demonstrate non nocet : — 6 T. E. 676. 



144 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

An instrument, open to construction for an incorrect 
or false description of a person or thing, will be so con- 
strued as to carry into effect the intention of the par- 
ties, so far as can be done without interfering with the 
positive and plain meaning of the document, apart 
from the incorrect or false description. 

If there be a positive devise of Knowle Field, in the 
parish of A. to B., to which the testator adds some fur- 
ther description inconsistent with that already given, 
such superadded description will be rejected under 
this maxim, and not allowed to vitiate the already per- 
fect devise. Mellers v. TraA^ers, 8 Bing. 244. See Max- 
ims 239, 249, 280 and 312. 

122. Fatetur facinus qui judicium fugit : — 3Inst. 14. 
Flight gives rise to a strong presumption of guilt, 

which is not easily rebutted. 

123. Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas. 

No one, of course, can ascertain the motive or the 
cause of all things but God, " who looks not at the 
deed alone but pries into the heart with subtle skill." 
See Maxim 226. 

124. Felonia implicatur in qualibet proditione : — 3 
Inst. 15. 

This is on the principle that majus continet minus — 
the greater contains the less, and, since treason is the 
most heinous crime known to the law, it carries with 
it felony. 

125. Festinatio justitise ese noverca infortunii : — 

Hob. 97. 
Even justice miscarries when there is undue haste. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 145 

126. Fictio cedit veritati ; Actio juris non est, ubi 

Veritas : — 11 Co. 51. 
This maxim fiuds illustration in the fiction which 
holds that the members of a corporation are citi- 
zens of the State in which it was incorporated, in order, 
where a corporation is a party, to give the Federal 
Courts jurisdiction on the ground of diverse citizen- 
ship. If the members are actually citizens of the State 
of incorporation, then the fiction yields to truth as ex- 
pressed in the maxim under consideration. 

127. Fides servanda. 

A maxim with regard to the sales of personalty. If 
there is no express warranty, general rules of implica- 
tion should be adopted with this maxim in view. A 
warranty will be implied only when good faith requires 
it. McCoy v. Artcher, 3 Barb. 330. 

128. Fieri facias (abbreviated fi. fa.) 

The important words in a writ of execution — that 
you cause to be made out of the goods, or lands, or 
both, the amount of the claim. 

129. Filiatio non potest probari: — Co. Litt. 126. 

When the. mother is or has been married, her hus- 
band is presumed to be the father of the children born 
during the coverture, or within a competent time after- 
wards, whether they were conceived during the cover- 
ture or not : pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant. 

The rule is founded upon the double presumption of 
cohabitation before the birth of the child, and that the 
mother has faithfully observed the vow she made to 
her husband. See Maxims 350 and 351. 

130. Firmior et potentior est operatio legis quam 

dispositio hommis : — Co. Litt. 102. 
10 



146 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

Thus an agreement entered into between two per- 
sons cannot, in general, affect the rights of a third 
party ; so if it be agreed between A. and B. that B. 
shall discharge a debt due from A. to C, such an agree- 
ment cannot prevent C. from suing A. for its recovery. 
See Maxim 89. 

131. Forma legalis forma essentialis est : — 10 Co. 

100. See Maxim 88. 

132. Fortior est custodia legis quam hominis : — 2 

Bol. Eep. 325. See Maxim 130. 

133. Fractionem diei non recipit lex. 

When an act has to be done on a certain day, the 
whole of that day is allowed in which to do it. This 
rule has, however, its exceptions, for in case of docu- 
ments registered or recorded on the same day, priority 
may be shown by the numbers, and this becomes at 
times of the utmost importance. 

134. Frans est celare fraudem : — 1 Yer. Bep. 240. 
This illustrates the doctrine of constructive frauds. 

Where a man designedly produces a false impression on 
another, and the latter subsequently commits some act, 
or enters into some contract, injurious to himself and 
bis own interests, the former is guilty of fraud. See 
Maxim 71, 317. 

135. Fraus est odiosa et non prsesumitur : — Cro. 

Car. 550. 
This maxim refers rather to actual than constructive 
frauds. An actual fraud carries with it a fraudulent 
intent and must be proved by the party setting it up. 
■Constructive frauds arise from construction of law, 
where there is a confidential relationship such as 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 147 

guardian and ward, or parent and child, and must be 
disproved by the party sustaining such relationship. 

136. Fraus et jus nunquaui cohabitant : — Wing. 

680. 
Because fraud and justice are mutually exclusive. 
See Maxim 197. 

137. Frustra probatur quod probatum non relevat : 

Halk. Max. 50. 
This is a maxim of evidence and applies to irrelevant 
testimony, which should be excluded, but which, when 
admitted, is proven in vain, unless it be to confuse the 
minds of the jurors. 

138. Furor contrahi matrimonium non sinit, quia 

consensus opus est : — Wrightman v. Wright- 
man, 4 Johns. Ch. 343, 345. See Maxim 70. 

139. Generalis regula generaliter est intelligenda : 

6 Co. 65. See Maxim 179. 

140. Habeas corpus. 

This is the most famous writ in the law, aud, by 
reason of its employment to remove illegal restraint 
upon personal liberty, it is often called the great writ 
of liberty. 

It commands the person, who has another iu deten- 
tion, to produce the body of tbe prisoner, with the day 
and cause of his caption and detention, to do, submit 
to, and receive whatever the judge or court awardiug 
the writ shall consider in that behalf. 

141. Hseres est nomeu legis, filins est nomeu na- 

turae : — Bae. Max. Beg. 11. 
A bastard or one born out of wedlock, or not within 



148 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

a competent time after its determination is a filius, 
but cannot be an heir. See Maxims 100 and 142. 

142. Haeres legitimns est quern nuptias demon- 

strant: — Go. Litt. 7. 

This rule is peculiarly applicable to the common law 
of England, by which no one can inherit any land, who 
was not born after the lawful marriage, according to 
the common law, of the parents; and differs from the 
civil and canon law, which legitimizes the children 
born out of wedlock by the after marriage of their par- 
ents. 

Under this rule a deformed person, an idiot and a 
lunatic might be heirs, but not so with a monster, not 
having human shape. See Maxim 100, 111 and 299. 

143. Idem nihil dicere et insufficienter dicere est: 

2 Inst. 178. 
It is as much a fraud to speak insufficiently as to say 
nothing, where the law calls upon one to speak. See 
Maxim 134. 

144. Id quod commune est, nostrum esse dicitur: 

Lawrence r. Sebor, 2 Cai. 203, 207. 
This maxim covers the contract of marine insurance 
by one partner, without a specification of the interest he 
means to cover, in which case Valin considers the insur- 
ance should extend to the whole cargo. More famil- 
iarly, light and air being common are said to be ours. 

145. Ignorantia facti excusat; iguorantia legis non 

excusat: — 1 Co. 177. 
According to this maxim, it is presumed that every 
one knows the law, though he is not presumed to know 
everv fact. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 149 

This presumption of knowledge of the law admits of 
exceptions in doubtful cases. An infant of the age of 
discretion is punishable for crimes, though ignorant of 
the law; but those under such age are excused. So 
also persons not of sane mind are excused. 

This maxim does not appear to apply to judges whose 
ignorance of the law may be palpable, yet whose judi- 
cial discretion and prerogatives hedge them about 
with a sort of divinity. See Maxim 231. 

146. Imperium in imperio. 

This phrase — a sovereignty within a sovereignty — is 
often used in speaking of the dual character of the 
government of the United States; namely. State and 
Federal. 

147. Impotentia excusat legem : — Co. Litt. 29. 

Im potency excuses the law where the im potency is a 
necessary and invincible disability to perform the 
mandatory part of the law or to forbear the prohib- 
itory. This rule, however, does not apply to contracts 
between parties; for what a man does voluntarily, he 
will be bound thereby. 

And where involuntary ignorance is the cause of the 
act, it is said to be done ex ignorantia; as, if an insane 
man kill another, for he has no understanding. See 
Maxim 34. 

148. Impunitas semper ad deteriora invitat : — 5 Co. 

29. 

It is not the severity of the law but rather the cer- 
tainty of its execution that prevents crimes and mis- 
demeanors. 

A failure to execute or a laxity in execution encour- 
ages rather than deters the criminal classes. See 
Maxim 252. 



150 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

149. In aequali jure melior est conditio possidentis : 

Plow. 266. 

It is a rule of law that a plaintiff shall recover upon 
the strength of his own title, and not upou the weak- 
ness of his adversary's; possession, as a prima facie 
right in the defendant, being sufficient to call for proof 
of an absolute right in the plaintiff. This maxim ap- 
plies alike to equity and law, and embraces the cases 
of fraudulent and illegal agreements, conveyances and 
transfers of property, and as well where the parties are 
in pari delicto as in ccquali jure. 

It finds illustration in an action of negligence, where 
the plaintiff has contributed to the injury complained 
of, in which case he cannot, as a rule, recover. See 
Maxims 163 and 248. 

150. In alta proditione nullus potest esse accessor- 

iuin sed principalis solummodo: — 3 Inst. 138. 
The crime of treason, at common law, was counted so 
heinous that all who participated in it were considered 
principals. Our Constitution provides that to prove 
this offense there must be two witnesses to the same 
overt act, and nothing short of this overt act amounts 
to treason. A mere conspiracy to subvert the estab- 
lished government is not treason. There must be an 
actual levying of war. Then all, who perform any act, 
however minute or remote from the scene of action, if 
leagued in the general conspiracy, are traitors. 4 
Cranch. 75, 126. 

151. In Anglia non est interregnum: — Jeuk. Cent. 

205. 
This is a maxim of the English Constitution, which 
holds that immediately upon the decease of the reign- 
ing prince in his natural capacity, the office, with all 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 151 

of its prerogatives, without any interregnum or interval 
vests at once in his successor, who is, eo i?istante, king 
to all intents and purposes. See Maxim 344. 

152. In casu extreme necessitatis omnia sunt com- 

raunia : — 1 Hale. P. C. 54. 
There are many cases in which individuals sustain an 
injury for which the law gives no action ; as, where 
private houses are pulled down for the preservation of 
the country from an enemy or to arrest the progress of 
a fire. So where a public highway becomes impass- 
able, it is for the general good that the public be al- 
lowed to pass over adjacent lands. See Maxims 217, 
261 and 346. 

153. In criminalibus piobatioues debent esse luce 

clariores : — 3 Inst. 210. 
The nearest modern equivalent of this civil law 
maxim is to be found in that principle of evidence, in 
crimiual cases, which requires the guilt of the accused 
to be proven beyond all reasonable doubt. 

154. Iu curia domini regis, ipse in propria persona 

jura discernit. 
After the dissolution of Aula Regis, the English 
kings frequently sat in the court of King's Bench and 
in later times, James the First, is said to have sat 
there until informed by the judge that he could not 
deliver an opinion. 

155. In fictione legis sequitas existit : — 11 Co. 51. 
In fiction of law, rex nori potest peccare and rex nun- 

quam moritur. So a man in possession of property is 
considered to be rightly in possession until the con- 
trary is shown ; and a man is considered innocent of a 
crime until found guilty. So the doctrine that money 



152 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

to be laid out in land is to be treated as land, though 
long established in courts of equity, is in truth a mere 
fiction. 

156. In foro conscientise. 

The term is applied to moral obligations as distinct 
from the obligations which the law enforces. 

Thus it finds illustration in the sale of property, where 
the vendee conceals facts which would enhance the 
price, there being no legal obligation on the part of the 
vendee to disclose them. 

157. In futuro: At a future time. 

158. Injure non reraota causa sed proxima specta- 

tor: Bac. Max. reg. 1. See Maxim 55. 

159. Injuria non excusat injuriam: Broom Max. 270. 

It is not true that misconduct must necessarily ex- 
clude the plaintiff who is guilty of it from the right 
to sue, and a trespasser, although liable to an action 
for the injury which he does, does not necessarily for- 
feit his right of action for an injury which he has 
sustained. See Maxims 285 and 288. 

160. In mortua manu. 

Property owned by religious societies was said to be 
held in mortua manu, or in mortmain, since religious 
men were civiliter mortui. 

The words now designate all prohibitory laws which 
limit, restrain or annul gifts, grants or devises of 
lands or other corporeal hereditaments to charitable 
uses. See Maxim 118. 

161. In omni re nascitur res quae ipsa ipsam rem 

exterminat: — 2 Inst. 15. 
This maxim is not exclusively a legal one and may be 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 153 

translated — In every thing is born that which destroys 
the thing itself. This is true, of course, unless the de- 
structive agency, as the worm in the wood, is removed. 

162. In novo casu novum remedium apponendum 

est:— 2 Inst. 3. See Maxims 212 and 368. 

163. In pari delicto potior est condito possiden- 

tis:— 4 T. E. 564. See Maxims 149 and 248. 

164. In personam. 

A remedy where the proceedings are against the 
person in contradistinction to those which are against 
specific things, or in rem. 

165. In quo quis deliuquit in eo de jure est puni- 

endus:— Co. Litt. 233. 

This maxim, while providing for a punishment for 

every offense, yet asserts that this punishment should 

be according to law, having no justification, it would 

seem, for those who take the law in their own hands. 

166. In re dubia magis inficiatio quam affirmatio 

intelligenda: — Godb. 37. 
This is because the burden of proof is upon him who 
affirms rather than upon him who denies — a negative 
being more difficult of proof than an affirmative. See 
Maxims 9 and 108. 

167. In republica maxim e conservanda sunt jura 

belli:— 2 Inst. 58. 
In accordance with the principle of this maxim the 
civil courts have uniformly declined to interfere with 
acts affecting military rank, offenses against articles 
of war, or military discipline. Nor can the acts of mil- 
itary officers or tribunals, within the scope of their 
jurisdiction, be revised, set aside or punished civilly or 
criminally by the civil courts. 8 Allen, 484. 



154 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

168. Intentio inservire debet legibus, non leges in- 

tentioni: — Co. Litt. 314. See Maxim 177. 

169. Inter arm a leges sileut. 

The law of military necessity supersedes all civil law, 
and in time of war administration of the mimicpal law 
may be suspended. 

170. Interest reipublicre res judicatas non rescindi: 

2 In st, 359. 

Because if parties, having bad a judgment — res judi- 
cata — rendered against them, were not concluded to 
begin a new action, there would be no security in a 
judgment and no end to litigation. 

For full meaning of res judicatas, see Maxim 339. 

171. Interest reipubliese suprema hominuin testa- 

menta rata haberi: — Co. Litt. 236. See Max- 
ims 177, 364 and 371. 

172. Interest reipublicse ut quilibet re sua bene 

utatur: — 6 Co. 37. See Maxims 15 and 355 

173. Interest reipublicse ut sit finis litium : — Co. 

Litt. 303. 

Within the meaning of this maxim are the statutes 
of limitations of actions; for example, an action to 
recover land must be brought within twenty years 
after the right of action accrues. 

This maxim holds good also in equity, for equity 
courts will as nearly as can be, be guided in their de- 
cisions by the statutes limiting actions at law, though 
they will not apply them to cases of breach of trust. 
See Maxims 170 and 339. 

174. Interpretare et concordare leges legibus est 

optimus interpretandi modus: — 8 Co . 169. 
See Maxims 175 and 375. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 155 

175. Interpretatio fienda est at res niagis valeat 

quam pereat: — Broom Max. 543. 
Thus deeds shall be so construed as to operate ac- 
cording to the intention of the parties, if by law they 
may; and if they cannot in one form, they shall ope- 
rate in that which by law will give effect to the inten- 
tion. For instance, a deed intended for a release, if 
it cannot operate as such, may amount to a grant of 
the reversion, an attornment, or a surrender. See 
Maxim 375. 

176. Interruptio multiplex non tollit prseescrip- 

tionem semel obtentam: — 2 lust. 654:. 
Prescription, according to Coke, is a title by au- 
thority of law, deriving its force from use and time. 
When once acquired it cannot be taken away by sub- 
sequent interruption in its enjoyment. 

177. In testamentis plenius testatoris intentionem 

scrutamur: — Broom Max. 545. 
That is to say, a will shall receive a more liberal 
construction than its strict meaning, if alone consid- 
ered, would permit, the paramount principle in con- 
struing wills being the intention of the testator, to 
which everything is made subservient. This intention, 
it is important to remember, should be agreeable to 
the rules of law and collected out of the words of the 
will. See Maxims 171, 364 and 371. 

178. In tradition ibus scriptorum non quod dictum 

est, sed quod gestum est, inspicitur: — 9 Co. 

137. 
A document under seal may be delivered to a third 
person, to be delivered by him to the grantee, when 
the latter has performed certain specified conditions. 



156 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

Such documents are known as escrows and do not ac- 
quire the force of a deed until the conditions precedent 
have been fulfilled and delivery thereupon made to the 
grantee. The gist of the above maxim is that no words, 
however binding, will take the place of delivery which 
may be absolute or conditional. See Maxim 365. 

179. In verbis, non verba sed res et ratio quarenda: 

Jenk. Cent. 132. See Maxim 139. 

180. Invito beneficiam non datur: — Broom Max. 

699. 

JSb one can be compelled to accept a gift against his 
will. 

According to this principle, if a man, being a tenant 
for life, has a power to lease for twenty-one years for 
his own benefit, he may renounce a part of the right 
so given and grant a lease for any number of years 
short of twenty-one. 

So a legatee may refuse a gift, an executor may 
renounce probate, and a trustee may disclaim his office. 

181. Ira furor brevis est: — Beardsley v. Maynard, 

4 Wend. 336, 355. 
A just provocation is sometimes allowed to palliate 
an offence, which is done under immediate excitement, 
where no time for reflection has been afforded. But 
when ample time has been given for passion to subside 
and for reason to operate, this maxim no longer affords 
protection. 

182. Judex est lex loquens : — 7 Co. 4. 

This is but another way of saying that the function 
of the judge is to declare what the law is — jus dicere. 
See Maxim 214. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 157 

183. Judex non potest esse testis in propria causa: 

4 Inst. 279. 
A judge is not a competent witness in a cause being 
tried before him, because be cannot decide upon tbe ad- 
missibility of his own testimony, nor can he weigh it 
impartially against that of another. See Maxims 184, 
267 and 287. 

184. Judex non potest injuriam sibi datam punire : 

12 Co. 113. See Maxims 183 and 267. 

185. Judex non reddit plus quam quod petens ipse 

requirit : — 2 Inst. 286. 
This maxim finds illustration in a suit in equity 
where the plaintiff has incorporated in his bill a prayer 
for special relief only, in such a case the judge will not 
grant him any relief not asked for ir. this special 
prayer, although a general prayer for relief would have 
entitled him t" further remedy than that set forth in 
tbe special prayer. 

186. Jndices non tenentur exprimere causam sen- 

tentise sua? : — Jenk. Cent. 75. See Maxim 1. 

187. Judiciis posterioribus tides est adhibenda : — 

13 Co. J 4. 

This maxim should be considered in connection with 
stare decisis and res judicata, for which see Maxims 339 
ai d 357. 

188 Judicis est judicare secundum allegata et pro- 
bata :— Dyer, 12, H. 73. See Maxim 182. 

189. Judicium non debet illusorium ; suumeffectum 

habere debet : — 2 Inst. 341. 
A judgment, being the conclusion of law, given by 



158 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

a court upon the facts found, or admitted by the par- 
ties, or upon default, should settle unequivocally the 
matters it purports to conclude. 

190. Juramentum est indivisibile et non est admit- 

tendum in parte verum et in parte falsum : 
4 Inst. 279. See Maxims 193 and 283. 

191. Jura naturae sunt immutabilia : — Jacob, 63. 
This is a principle of physics rather than of law, 

though lex spectat naturae ordinem — the law regards the 
order of nature. See Maxim 230. 

192. Jura publica anteferenda privatis juribus : — 

Co. Litt. 130. See Maxims 152 and 346. 

193. Jurare est Deum in testem vocare, et est actus 

divini cultus : — 3 Inst. 165. 
Blackstone says belief in a future state of rewards 
and punishments, entertaining just ideas of the moral 
attributes of the Supreme Being, and a firm persuasion 
that He superintends and will finally compensate every 
action in human life — these are the foundation of all 
judicial oaths, which call God to witness the truth of 
those facts which, perhaps, may be known only to Him 
and the party attesting. See Maxim 292. 

194. Jus accrescendi praefertur oneribus: — Co. Litt. 

185. 

This has reference to, and forms one of, the princi- 
pal rules affecting joint tenancies, dower and curtesy 
which may be regarded as onera, not applying to joint 
estates. 

This kind of tenancy is now generally abolished and 
preference given to tenancy in common, unless other- 
wise directed in devises or deeds. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 159 

195. Jus ad rem ; jus in re. 

Jus ad rem is a right which belongs to a person only 
mediately and relatively, and has for its foundation an 
obligation incurred by a particular person ; such as 
the loan of a horse, a claim for a thousand dollars for, 
my right to the horse or the money only exists rela- 
tively, and can only be exercised through another. 
But if I have the ownership of a horse or the right of 
way over land, this constitutes jits in re, for this is a 
right which belongs absolutely and immediately to me 
and is good against all the world. 

It is obvious from the last example given that pos- 
session is not one of the elements constituting jus in 
re, although possession is generally one of the inci- 
dents of this right. 

196. Jus dicere, non jus dare. 

The duty of a judge is to administer or apply the 
law — -jus dicere ; not to make the law — -jus dare, for 
this duly devolves upon the legislature who are the 
sole judges of the expediency of a law. 

197. Jus est norma recti ; et quicquid est contra 

normam recti est injuria : — 3 Buls. 313. See 
Maxim 136. 

198. Jusjurandum inter alios factum nee nocere nee 

prodesse debet : — 4 lust. 279. See Maxim 
338. 

199. Jus naturale est quod apud omnes homiues 

eandem habet potentiam : — 7 Co. 12. See 
Maxim 205. 

200. Jus scriptum aut non scriptum. 

Jus scriptum refers to written or statute law, srndjus 



160 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

non scriptum is the law of custom and the common 
law. 

201. Justitia est duplex ; severe puniens et vere 

prseveniens : — 3 Inst. Epil. 
At least it should be the function of justice to punish 
an offender with a severity commensurate with the 
gravity of offense, and to use due lenity in prohibiting 
offenses from being committed. 

202. Justitia firmatur solum: — 3 Inst. 140. 

This maxim is applicable to monarchies and repub- 
lics alike, both of which are strengthened and estab- 
lished by justice. 

203. Justitia nemini neganda est: — Jenk. Cent. 

178. 
This maxim is self explanatory, for that which is 
accorded to some and denied to others is not justice. 
See Maxims 221 and 223. 

204. Leges posteriores priores contrarias abrogant: 

1 Co. 25. 
The power by which laws are made must be supreme, 
and, if supreme, there can be no limit to its authority. 
Subsequent laws, therefore, repeal prior law inconsis- 
tent therewith, and that whether they be made by a 
legislative body composed of the same or different 
persons. Blackstone says that where the common and 
statute law differ the common law gives place to the 
statute; and an old statute gives place to a new one. 

205. Legibus sumptis desinentibus legibus natu- 

rae utendum est: — 2 Eol. Rep. 98. 
For example, the laws imposed by the State fail 
whenever the citizen, to protect himself or his property 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 161 

is compelled to resort to the law of self defense, which 
is justly termed the first law of nature. See Maxim 
199. 

206. Lex aliquando sequitur aequitatem: — 3 Wils. 

119. 
The laM r does not follow equity always because 
equity supplements the law, giving either relief where 
the law does not or more perfect relief than the latter. 

207. Lex Anglise est lex misericordise: — 2 Inst. 315. 
This maxim speaks for itself — res ipsa loquitur. 

208. Lex Anglian est lex terrse est. See Maxim 209. 

209. Lex Anglise nunquam sine Parliamento mu- 

tari non potest: — 2 Inst. 218. 
This is because Parliament is the supreme legisla- 
ture of Great Britain, consisting of the queen, king, 
the lords spiritual and temporal, and the commons. 
See Maxim 208. 

210. Lex citius tolerare vult privatum damnum 

quam publicum malum: — Co. Litt. 152. See 
Maxims 152 and 346. 

211. Lex Cornelia de sicariis. 

This refers to a Eoman statute bearing the name of 
Cornelius, enacted for the punishment of assassins. 

212. Lex dabit remedium. See Maxims 162 andl 

. 368. 

213. Lex dilationes abhorret: — 2 Inst. 240. 

This is strikingly illustrated by the judgment quod' 
recuperet — that the plaintiff recover — given to the lat- 
11 



162 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

ter on a dilatory plea filed by the defendant, and upon 
which plea issue in fact is joined resulting in verdict 
for the plaintiff. 

214. Lex est exercitus judicum tutissimus ductor: 

2 lust. 526. 
Because a judge is a public officer whose function is 
to declare the law, to administer justice in a court of 
law, and to conduct the trial of causes between liti- 
gants according to legal forms and methods. See 
Maxim 182. 

215. Lex est sanctio sancta jubens honesta et pro- 

hibens contraria: — 2 Inst. 587. 
This definition of law — commanding what is right 
and prohibiting the contrary- — is misleading, for laws 
enjoin and prohibit things for reasons of expediency 
only, the question of right and wrong not, in many in- 
stances, being at all applicable. 

216. Lex intendil vicinum vicini facta scire: — Co. 

Litt. 78. 
This refers to the old custom of summoning the jury 
from the locality where the cause of action arose, for 
formerly the jurors consisted of witnesses, or persons 
in some measure coguizaut of their own knowledge of 
the matter in dispute. 

217. Lex necessitatis est lex temporis i. e., instan- 

tis:— Hob. 159. 
The law of necessity referred to here is not limited 
to labor for the preservation of life, health, or property 
from impending danger, for the necessity may grow 
out of, or be incident to, the general course of trade or 
even an exigency of a particular trade or business. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 163 

Necessity carries with it the idea of prompt action 
without which any action would often be fruitless. See 
Maxims 152 and 346. 

218. Lex neminem cogit ad vana seu impossibilia: 

5 Co. 21. 
When the condition of au obligation is possible at 
the time of its making, but, before it can be performed, 
becomes impossible by act of God, the law, or the ob- 
ligee, the obligation is saved. But this rule does not 
apply where a thing is impossible on account of the 
defendant's personal inability to perform a contract, 
See Maxims 147, 217 and 219. 

219. Lex nil frustra facit. 

That is the law will not compel one to do an act 
which would be vain. See Maxims 147, 217 and 218. 

220. Lex non a rege est violauda: — Jenk. Cent. 7. 

See Maxim 343. 

221. Lex non deflcere potest in justitia exhibenda: 

Jenk. Cent. 30. See Maxims 203 and 223. 

222. Lex non favet delicatorum votis: — 9 Co. 58. 

An action does not lie because of a trifling inconve- 
nience, which would only be regarded as such by the 
dainty. 

228. Lex non novit patrem, nee niatrem; solam 
veritatem. See Maxims 203 and 221. 

224. Lex non oritur ex injuria. 

A mere injury when accidental or justifiable will not 
furnish a basis for invoking the law to the aid of the 
injured party. See Maxim 90. 



164 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

225. Lex non requirit verificari quod apparet cu- 

riae: — 9 Co. 54. 
This maxim refers to the knowledge which a judge 
will officially take of a fact without proof, such as the 
general customs and usages of merchants, the seals of 
notaries, the coincidence of the days of the week with 
those of the month, and many other things. 

The Courts of the United States take judicial notice 
of the public statutes of the several States. See 
Maxim 287. 

226. Lex plus laudatur quando ratione probatur: 

Litt. Epil. 
In other words, the law is most worthy of approval 
when it is consistent with reason, and, as Lord Coke 
says, "The law is unknown to him that knoweth not 
the reason thereof, and the known certainty of the law 
is the safety of us all. See Maxims 62, 334 and 367. 

227. Lex prospicit non respicit: — Jenk. Cent. 284. 

This maxim refers to ex post facto laws, which im- 
pose a punishment for an act not punishable at the 
time it was committed; or impose additional punish- 
ment to that then prescribed; or change the rules of 
evidence by which less or different testimony is suffi- 
cient to convict than was then required. 

228. Lex punit mendacium : — Jenk. Cent. 15. See 

Maxim 250. 

229. Lex rejicit superflua, pugnantia, incongrua : — 

Jenk. Cent. 133, 140. 
This is a rule applied to the interpretation of instru- 
ments, which holds what is superfluous is to be disre- 
garded, and also what is contradictory or incongru- 
ous. See Maxim 175. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 165 

230. Lex spectafc naturae ordin em : — Co. Litt. 197. 
The law respects the order and course of nature, and 

will not permit a man to demand that which he can- 
not recover. 

Thus, where the thing sued for by tenants in com- 
mon is in its nature entire, as in detinue for a chattel, 
they must of necessity join in the action. See Max- 
ims 147 and 226. 

231. Lex succurrit ignorant! : — Jenk. Cent. 15. See 

Maxim 145. 

232. Lex tutissima cassis, sub clypeo legis nemo 

decipitur. See Maxims 219, 221, 226, 230 
and 231. 

233. Lex uno ore omues alloquitur : — 2 Inst. 184. 

See Maxims 203, 221 and 223. 

234. Longa possessio est pacis jus : — Co. Litt. 73. 

See Maxim 235. 

235. Longa possessio parit jus possideudi et tollit 

actionem vero domino : — Co. Litt. 110. 
This refers to the doctrine of adverse possession and 
the weight of authority is that, where one has had the 
peaceable, undisturbed, open possession of real or per- 
sonal property, with an assertion of his ownership, for 
the period which, under the law, would bar an action 
for its recovery by the real owner, the former has ac- 
quired a good title — a title superior to that of the lat- 
ter, whose neglect to avail himself of his legal rights 
has lost him his title. Campbell v. Holt, 115 TJ. S. 
623. See Maxim 234. 

236. Magister rerum usus : magistra rerum experi- 

entia :— Co. Litt. 229. See Maxim 256. 



166 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

237. Majus continet minus : — Jenk. Cent. 208. 

If a man tenders more money than he owes, it is a 
good tender, under this rule, if the money be in specie, 
so that the creditor can take what is due him. 

So the owner of the fee simple in land can grant out 
any less estate. So a term of years becomes merged 
in the freehold by the lessee becoming entitled to the 
fee. A simple contract debt is less worthy than a 
specialty debt, and a specialty debt is less worthy than 
a judgment, into which it will merge upon judgment 
recovered in respect of it. 

So the accessory follows its principal, but the acces- 
sory cannot lead, nor can it exist without the princi- 
pal ; it is contained within it. A release of the princi- 
pal is a release of the accessory. See Maxim 3. 

238. Majus est delictum se ipsuni occidere quam 

alium : — 3 Inst. 54. 
At common law, suicide was ranked among the 
highest of crimes and the punishment was forfeiture of 
goods to the State, and ignominious burial, wbich pun- 
ishment could only be avoided by establishing the in- 
sanity of the party. But where the rights and interests 
of other parties are involved the question of insanity 
is more closely scrutinized ; and ample proof is re- 
quired of the party upon whom the burden of proof lies. 
In America suicide, avoiding a life insurance policy, 
does not extend to acts not under the control of the will, 
as when an insane person kills himself. 54 Me. 224. 

239. Mala grammatica non vitiat chartam : — 6 Co. 

30. See Maxims 121, 249 and 280. 

240. Mala fide. 

Bad faith consists of guilty knowledge or wilful 
ignorance. The holder of a negotiable note taken 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 167 

from the payee, with knowledge of the want of consid- 
eration between the latter and the maker is said to 
take mala fide and therefore can not recover. 

241. Mala prohibita. 

Crimes and misdemeanors, snch as murder, theft, 
and perjury, are mala in se, and take on an additional 
turpitude from being declared unlawful by a human 
legislature; but by far the greater part are mala prohi- 
bita, and these derive their guilt merely from prohibi- 
tion by the laws of the land, such as violations of 
municipal regulations conducing to the health of the 
community. See Maxim 244. 

242. Malitia supplet retatem: — Dyer, 104 b. 

A wicked design supplies the want of years. This 
maxim does not apply, however, to an infant under 
seven, who is incapable of crime — incapax doli. but 
between seven and fourteen an infant is prima facie 
incapable of criminal intention, though evidence of 
mischievous discretion will rebut this presumption. 

243. Malo animo. 

Any act, to constitute a crime, must be done malo 
animo, but this malice may be expressed or implied. 
Moreover, malice is not limited to acts done from 
hatred, revenge or passion, but includes all acts wan- 
tonly or wilfully done, that is, acts which any man of 
reason, knowledge, aud ability must know to be con- 
trary to his duty. See Maxim 90. 

244. Mala in se. See Maxim 241. 

245. Mandamus. 

This is the emphatic word in the Latin form of the 
writ of that name, and is defined by Blackstone to be 



1G8 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

a command issuing in the king's name, directed to any 
person, corporation or inferior court of judicature 
within the king's dominions, requiring them to do 
some particular thing therein specified which apper- 
tains to their office and duty, and which the court has 
previously determined or at least supposes to be con- 
sonant to right and justice. 

It is not designed, however, to review the acts of 
officers and others when discretion may be exercised, 
or where action depends upon facts to be determined 
by them. 

246. Maximus m agister erroris populus est: — Bac. 

Max. See Maxim 66. 

247. Meliorem conditionem suam facere potest 

minor deteriorem nequaquam: — Co. Litt. 

337 b. 
The seeming disabilities under which an infant labors 
are really privileges, to secure him from loss by im- 
provident acts. He may, if imposed upon, deny or 
avoid any contract, not for necessaries, after he comes 
of age. The courts of chancery will see to it, gener- 
ally, that his condition is not made worse by his own 
acts of improvidence. 

248. Melior est conditio possidentis, ubi neuter jus 

habet: — Jenk. Ceut. 118. See Maxims 149 
and 163. 

249. Mens testatoris in testamentis spectanda est: 

Jenk. Cent. 227. See Maxims 121, 239 and 

280. 

250. Mentiri est contra mentem ire: — 3 Buls. 260. 

See Maxim 228. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 169 

251. Merito beneficiurn legis amittit, qui legem 

ipsam subvertere in tend it: — 2 Inst. 253. 
This maxim finds application in cases of fraud where 
the party committing it seeks a benefit thereby in the 
courts. 

252. Minatur innocentibus qui parcit nocentibus: 

4 Co. 45. See Maxim 148. 

253. Minor jurare non potest: — Co. Litt. 172 b. 
According to Littleton this maxim has reference to 

the swearing on a jury, an infant not being allowed to 
sit as a juror. 

254. Misera est servitus, ubi lex vaga aut incerta: 

4 Inst. 246. 

Obedience to law becomes a hardship when that law 
is unsettled or doubtful. 

This maxim applies with peculiar force to questions 
respecting real property; as, for instance, to family set- 
tlements, by which provision may be made for those 
yet unborn. 

So also, where the question does not affect existing 
rights or property but tends to influence future trans- 
actions, in which case it is generally more important 
that the rule of law should be settled than that it 
should be theoretically correct. See Maxims 170, 173 
and 339. 

255. Mors dicitur ultimum supplicium: — 3 Inst. 

212. 
Death is the utmost limit of all things, and capital 
punishment is now inflicted only where a most heinous 
crime has been committed, such as treason and mur- 
der, while some of the States have abolished it alto- 
gether. 



170 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

256. Multa exercitatione facilius quain regulis per- 

cipies : — 4 Inst. 50. See Maxim 236. 

257. Nam nemo hseres viventis : — Co. Litt. 8. 
There may be an heir apparent or presumptive prior 

to the death of the ancestor, but hceres is not appli- 
cable so long as such ancestor is living. Thus, if 
lands be given for life with remainder to the heirs of 
A., and the life-tenant die before A., this remainder is 
void, for until A. die, there can be no heirs of A. 

258. Naturse vis maxima est : — Noy Max. 26. 2 

Inst. 561. 
For example, natural affection or brotherly love are 
good causes or considerations to raise a use. So at 
common law, if there were mother and daughter and 
the daughter became attainted, she could not be heir 
to the mother, yet if she killed her mother, she was 
guilty of matricide and petit treason ; for she remained 
her daughter bj T the law of nature. 

259. Necessitas inducit privilegium : — Bac. Max. 

25. 

The law excuses the commission of an act prima, fa- 
cie criminal, if such act be done involuntarily, and 
under circumstances which show that the individual 
doing it was not really a free agent. 

Thus, if A. by force take the hand of B., in which 
there is a weapon, and therewith kill C, A. is guilty of 
murder, but B. is excused. But if merely a moral force 
be used, as threats, duress, or even an assault to the 
peril of his life, in order to compel him to kill C, this 
is no legal excuse for B. See Maxims 260 and 327. 

260. ]STecessitas non habet legem : — Plowd. 18. 

See Maxims 259 and 327. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 171 

261. Necessitas publica est major quam privata : 

Noy Max. 34. 

A private right or necessity must yield to tbe public 
good ; as in tbe exercise of tbe powers of eminent do- 
main and taxation. 

So if a man be violently assaulted, and bas no other 
possible means of escaping death than by killing an 
innocent person, this fear and force shall not acquit 
him of murder, for it is held that he ought rather to 
die himself, than escape by the murder of an innocent 
man. See Maxims 152, 217 and 346. 

262. Negligentia semper ha bet infortuniam conii- 

tem :— Co. Litt. 246. 
The law recognizes the importance of this maxim by 
punishing those who have been guilty of negligence ; 
that is, by failing to do what a reasonable and prudent 
person would ordinarily have done under the circum- 
stances of the situation, or doing what such a person 

would not have done. 
• 

263. Nemo admittendus est inhabilitare se ipsum 

Jenk. Cent. 40. See Maxims 276 and 277. 

264. Nemo bis punitur pro eodem delicto : — 4 Co. 

43 

This is a fundamental maxim of criminal law and 
means that a man shall not twice be put in peril after 
a verdict has been returned by the jury. The verdict, 
however, must be given upon a good indictment, 
which must be one on which the prisoner could be 
legally convicted and sentenced. 

It does not follow from this where, from any circum- 
stance, tbe trial has proved abortive, that then the 
case shall not be again submitted to the consideration 
of a jury. 



172 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

It follows that a man being indicted for an offense 
and acquitted cannot be again indicted for the same 
offense, and, if so indicted, may plead autrefois acquit, 
even in case of a charge of murder. 

265. Nemo cogitur suam rem vendere, etiam justo 

pretio : — 4 Inst. 275. 

It is true, as between individuals, that no one can 
be compelled to part with his property even for a fair 
price, but not where individual rights clash with the 
public interests, for in all such cases the maxim, salus 
populi est suprema lux, obtains. 

The right of eminent domain, whereby private prop- 
erty is taken for public uses, is in accordance with the 
maxim just named, but is one that is too frequently 
arbitrarily exercised by the legislature at the instance 
of powerful corporations, professedly for the public 
good. See Maxim 346. 

266. Nemo contra factum suum venire potest : — 2 

Inst. 66. 

This is the doctrine of estoppel as applied to matter 
contained in a valid sealed instrument. 

Thus, in the case of a bond reciting a certain fact, 
the party executing that bond will be precluded from 
afterwards denying, in an action brought upon that 
instrument, the fact so recited. 

Estoppels do not hold with respect to strangers. See 
Maxim 269. 

267. Nemo debet esse judex in propria causa : — 12 

Co. 113. 
The rule in this maxim is held to be inflexible, though 
it is generally indirectly that such a case occurs. Thus, 
where a judge interested, as shareholder or otherwise, 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 173 

in some undertaking, having a suit before him, pro- 
ceeds to hear the cause. 

To such a case, although he be not a party to the 
suit, yet his interest would preclude him from sitting 
as judge. 

Of similar import are Maxims 183 and 184. 

268. Nemo plus juris transferre ad alium potest 

quam ipse habet : — Co. Litt. 309. 

Thus, an assignor cannot effectually assign more, 
or give to his assignee any greater right than he him- 
self possesses at the time of assignment, unless it be 
that he subsequently acquire the right which he did 
not then possess. 

So the owner of a base or determinable fee can do no 
more than transfer to another his own estate, or some 
interest of inferior degree created out of it. 

This rule finds a notable exception in the case of ne- 
gotiable paper, for if such be transferred in good faith 
for value before it is overdue, it becomes available in 
the hands of the holder notwithstanding fraud, which 
would have rendered it unavailable in the hands of a 
previous holder. See Maxims 39 and 314. 

269. Kemo potest contra recordum verificare per 

patriam : — 2 Inst. 380. 
The record referred to here must be that of a com- 
petent court of record, the records of which are of such 
solemnity, that the law will not allow the fact so admit- 
ted or established to be afterwards drawn in question 
between the same parties or their privies. To litigate 
the fact again would be to impeach the correctness of 
the former decisions. See Maxim 266. 

270. Nemo potest esse tenens et dominus : — Gilb. 

Ten. 142. 



174 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

On this principle, when a tenant buys the freehold, 
he ceases to occupy it as tenens and holds as dominus. 

271. Nemo potest facere per alium, quod per se non 

potest : — Jenk. 237. See Maxims 3 and 39. 

272. Nemo potest mutare consilium suum in alter- 

ius iujuriam. See Maxims 266 and 269. 

273. Nemo praesumitur immemor suse seternse salu- 

tis et maxime in articulo mortis : — 6 Co. 76. 
This is a maxim of ecclesiastical law, which held 
that no one was to be presumed to be unmindful of his 
own eternal welfare, especially in the act of death. 

274. Nemo prohibetur pluribus defensionibus uti : 

Co. Litt. 304. 
The privilege of employing several matters of de- 
fense was guaranteed to the defendant, subject to the 
leave of the court, by the Statute of 4 Anne. See 
Maxim 120. 

275. Nemo punitur pro alieno delicto : — Wing. 

336. 
It goes witbont saying that no one should be pun- 
ished for tbe crime of another, unless be aided in its 
commission as principal or accessory, in which case it 
would become his own. 

276. Nemo se accusare debet, nisi coram Deo. See 

Maxims 263 and 277. 

27 7. Nemo tenetur accusare se ipsum nisi coram 

Deo : — Wing. Max. 486. 
No one can be compelled to criminate himself; that 
is, to accuse or confess himself guilty of any crime; 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 175 

but if be do so voluntarily the confession is admis- 
sible. 

It is receivable although obtained by artifice or 
under promise of some collateral good. The only pro- 
tected confidant seems to be an attorney. The prac- 
tice is to inquire of the witness whether the prisoner 
had been told, in effect, that it would be better for 
him to confess, or worse for him if he did not confess. 

Experience has shown that if this rule did not exist, 
many persons would be found willing, for reward or. 
favor, to accuse themselves of crimes, which they had 
not committed. See Maxims 263 and 276. 

278. Kemo tenetur armare adversarium contra se: 

Wing. JV^ax. 665. 
The law does not require that one litigant place in 
possession of his adversary information that may be 
used to his own detriment. 

279. Nihil quod inconveniens est licitum : — Co. 

Litt. 97. 
This maxim should be received with some qualifica- 
tion, and is understood to mean that, against the in- 
troduction or establishing of a particular rule or pre- 
cedent, inconvenience is a forcible argument. The 
maxim also finds application in the principle, that the 
law will sooner suffer a private mischief than a public 
inconvenience, for it is better to suffer a mischief that 
is peculiar to one, than an inconvenience that may 
prejudice many. See Maxim 346. 

280. Nil facit error nominis, cum de corpore con- 

stat:— 11 Co. 21. 
Thus where an estate is devised to a person whose 
surname or Christian name is mistaken, or whose de- 



.176 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

scription is imperfect or, inaccurate, parol evidence is 
admissible to show what estate was intended to pass, 
provided there is sufficient indication of intention ap- 
pearing on the face of the will to justify the admission 
of the evidence. See Maxims 121, 239 and 249. 

281. Non decipitur qui scit se decipi : — 5 Co. 60. 

See Maxims 71 and 382. 

282. Non definitur in jure quid sit conatus : — 6 Co. 

42. 

Generally speaking, it may be said that to consti- 
tute an attempt there must be a combination of intent 
and act — an intent to commit a cringe and an act done 
in pursuance thereof, which falls short of the thing in- 
tended. 

An attempt conveys the idea of physical effort to do 
an act, while intent expresses the quality of the mind 
with which the act is done. 

283. Non est arctius vinculum inter homines quam 

jusjurandum : — Jenk. Cent. 126. 

This cannot apply to persons who do not believe in 
God, or, if they do, do not think he will either reward 
or punish them in this world or in the next, because 
upon such an oath there cannot possibly be any tie or 
obligation. Probably a cross-examination, under all 
circumstances, tends more to elicit truth than an oath. 
See Maxims 190 and 293. 

284. Non est informatus. 

A judgment by default, when the defendant's attor- 
ney declares he has no instruction to say anything by 
way of answer or defense. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 177 

285. Non facias malum ut inde veniat bonum : — 11 

Co. 74. See Maxim 159. 

286. Non jus, sed seisina, facit stipitem : — Fleta, 

6, c. 14. 

Seizin in the common law signifies possession; and 
primier seizin is the first possession. 

A seizin in deed is where an actual possession is 
taken; seizin in law is where lands descend and entry 
has not been made upon them. 

Seizin in law exists where the rightful owner has 
been disseized. 

Formerly the law, as above indicated, was under- 
stood in all its strictness and no person could be an- 
cestor, unless he had actual seizin of the lands, by 
himself or some one on his behalf holding under him, 
or unless there was some other equivalent to such ac- 
tual seizin, this actual seizin being distinguished from 
a mere right of entry. 

From above it follows that seisina facit stipitem. 

By statute such actual seizin is no longer required. 
Whar. Max. 57. 

287. Non refert quid notum sit judici si notum non 

sit in forma judicii : — 3 Buls. 115. 

A judge cannot act upon information obtained out- 
side of court unless it be such matter as would properly 
come under his judicial notice. 

He must rely upon other witnesses or upon other 
sources of information, otherwise he would be passing 
upon the admissibility and weight of his own testimony. 
See Maxims 183 and 225. 

288. Nullus commodum capere potest ex sua in- 

juria propria : — Co. Litt. 148. 
12 



178 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

Thus, where a man binds another to the performance 
of some particular act, and at the same time does some- 
thing whereby the perform auce of such act is pre- 
vented ; as where A. contracts with B. to build a house 
within a certain time, under a penalty, B. finding ma- 
terials, and B., by delay in providing the materials, 
prevents the due completion of the house, he shall not 
in such case be allowed to enforce the penalty. 

So an obligee of a bond, having prevented the ob- 
ligor from fulfilling the condition of the bond, shall 
not take advantage of the n on -performance of the con- 
dition, else he would profit by his own wrong. See 
Maxim 159. 

289. Nullus recedat e curia cancellaria sine remedio : 

4 H. 7, 4. See Maxims 203, 221 and 223. 

290. Omne sacramentum debet esse de certa sci- 

entia :— 4 Inst. 279. See Maxims 190, 193 

and 283. 

291. Omnia delicta in aperto leviora sunt : — 8 Co. 

127. 
This maxim finds illustration in the common law de- 
finition of burglary, to constitute which offense, there 
had to be a breaking in the niglit time. This definition, 
however, has been so far modified as to include crimes 
committed by day as well as by night. 

292. Omnia prsesumuntur contra spoliatorem: — 

Branch. Max. 80. 
A boy found a jewel set in a socket and took it to a 
goldsmith's to know its value. The apprentice, to 
whom he gave it to weigh took out the stone and of- 
fered the boy three half pence for it, which the boy re- 
fused and insisted upon having the jewel back. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 179 

Failing in this demand, he brought an action against 
the master for conversion of the jewel. It was held 
that the boy was entitled to the jewel, and the jury 
were instructed that unless the defendant produced it, 
they should presume the strongest against him, and 
make the value of the best jewel the measure of their 
damages. Armory v. Delamirie Smith, Leading Cases, 
396. 

293. Omnis innovatio plus perturbat quam utilitate 

prodest:— 2 Buls..338. 

It has been a matter of common observation that 
whenever a standing rule of the law has been broken 
down, although the reason of the rule is not apparent, 
that its wisdom has in the end appeared from the in- 
conveniences that have followed the innovation. 

It is an established rule to abide by precedents, stare 
decisis, where the same points come up again in litiga- 
tion, for it should not be within the power of any judge 
to alter a permanent rule of the law, he being sworn 
to determine, not according to his private judgment, 
but according to the known laws and customs of the 
land; not delegated to pronounce a new law, but to 
maintain and expound the old one — jus dicere et non 
jus dare. Ellis v. Smith, 2 Ves. Jun. 16. See Maxim 
357. 

294. Onus probandi. 

Burden of proof is properly applied only to a party 
affirming some fact essential to the support of his case. 
In this sense it never shifts from side to side during 
the trial. Loosely used, it is confounded with the 
weight of evidence, which often shifts as facts and pre- 
sumptions appear and are overcome. 

In criminal cases also the burden of proof never 
shifts, but is upon the government throughout. 



180 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

295. Optima legum interpres est consuetudo : — 

Plow. Com. 336. See Maxims 72, 78 and 
296. 

296. Optimus interpres rerum est usus: — 2 Inst. 

282. 

The office of a custom is to interpret the otherwise 
indeterminate intentions of parties, and to ascertain 
the nature and extent of their contracts. 

A custom may also be admitted to ascertain the true 
meaning of particular words in an instrument, when 
they have various meanings, some common, some quali 
fled and some technical, according to the subject mat- 
ter to which they are applied. An express contract is 
always admissible to supersede, vary, or control a usage 
or custom, but such a contract cannot be controlled, 
varied, or contradicted by a usage or custom. 2 Sum- 
ner l U. S.) R. 567. See Maxims 72, 78 and 295. 

297. Pacta privata juri publico non derogare po- 

test:— 7 Co. 23. 

If the thing stipulated for is contrary to law, the 
agreement must be held as intrinsically null. 

Not only is the consent or private agreement of in- 
dividuals ineffectual in rendering valid any direct con- 
travention of the law, but it will fail altogether to 
make effectual that which is unjust or deficient in re- 
spect to any matter which the law declares to be indis- 
pensable and not circumstantial merely. 

Therefore, an agreement by a married woman, that 
she will not avail herself of coverture as a ground of 
defense would not be valid in support of the plaintiff's 
claim and by way of answer to a plea of coverture. See 
Maxims 77 and 78. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 181 

298. Partus sequitur ventre m : — 2 Bl. Com. 

This is the law in the case of slaves and animals, 
but with regard to freemen children follow the condi- 
tion of the father. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 167, 502. 

299. Pater est quern nuptise demonstrant : — Co. 

Litt. 123. 
This was a rule of the civil and canon laAv. by 
which the subsequent marriage between the father and 
the mother was held to make the son before marriage 
legitimate. The maxim liceres legitimus est quern nuptiae 
demonstrant was framed in England for the direct pur- 
pose of excluding, in the descent of that country, the 
application of the rule under consideration, though 
both in England and in this country a child, born at 
any time during coverture, or within a competent time 
after the death of the husband, is legitimate. See 
Maxim 142. 

300. Peccata contra naturam sunt gravissima : — 3 

Inst. 20. 
Blackstone says the crime against nature could be 
committed with man or beast, the punishment for 
which at common law was burning to death. Even in 
the indictments it was referred to as peccatum illud 
horribile, inter cJiristianos non nominandum — that hein- 
ous crime, not to be mentioned among Christians. 

301. Pendente lite nihil innovetur : — Co. Litt. 344. 
The doctrine of lis pendens is that realty, or, to some 

extent, personalty, when put in litigation by a suit in 
equity, will, if the suit is prosecuted with reasonable 
diligence, be bound by the final decree, notwithstand- 
ing any intermediate alienation. 

The doctrine is based upon public policy rather than 
upon notice. Gardner v. Peckham, 13 B. I. 103-104. 



182 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

302. Per ininas :— 1 Bl. Com. 131. 

When a man is compelled to enter into a contract 
by threats or menaces, either for fear of loss of life or 
mayhem, he may avoid it afterwards. 

303. Plene administravit : — 6 Term, 10. 

A plea in bar entered by an executor or administra- 
tor, by which he affirms that he had not in his posses- 
sion at the time of the commencement of the suit, nor 
has had any time since, any goods of the deceased to 
be administered ; when the plaintiff replies that the 
defendant had goods, etc., in his possession at that 
time, and the parties join issue, the burden of proof 
will be on the plaintiff. 

304. Plus valet unus occulatus quam auriti decern: 

4 Inst. 279. 
This is the rule against the admission of hearsay, 
which evidence does not derive its value solely from 
the credit to be given the witness himself, but rests 
also, in part, on the veracity of some other person, who 
was not under the sanction of an oath when making 
the statement, and whose testimony was not subjected 
to cross-examination. 

305. Pcena tolli potest, culpa perennis erit : — 

Honghtaling v. Kelderhouse, 1 Park. Or. 

241, 212. 
This maxim refers to the restoration of the compe- 
tency of a witness by pardon. In England it was held, 
by the authority of the statute of 5 Elizabeth, that 
where a party had been convicted of perjury, his tes- 
timony should not be received, even though he had 
been pardoned by the King. This rule has been adopted 
by statute in New York, but such incapacity to testify 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 183 

is the result of a rule of evidence and not a punishment 
of the offense. In treason nothing short of a reversal 
of judgment would restore competency. 

306. Ponderantur testes non numerantur : — Bake- 

man v. Bose, 14 Wend. 105, 109. 

The credibility of witnesses depends not so much 
upon their number as upon their character, their con- 
nection with the parties, their manner of testifying, 
and other circumstances of which the jury are the 
proper judges. 

307. Pro bono publico. For the public good. 

308. Propter odium delicti. In treason, for in- 
stance, all are principals on account of the heinous- 
ness of the offense. 

309. Quando jus domini regis et subditi concur- 

runt, jus regis prseferri debet :— 9 Co. 129. 

This prerogative is said to depend upon the principle 
that no laches can be imputed to the King, who is 
supposed to be so engrossed by public business as not 
to be able to take care of every private matter relating 
to the reveuue ; and that the King is in reality to be 
understood as the nation at large, to whose interest 
that of any private individual ought to give way. 

Thus as to ordinary persons, the writ of fieri facias 
first delivered to the sheriff shall be executed without 
regard to the teste ; but as between the King and a 
subject, the King's writ, though delivered last, shall 
be executed first, without regard to the teste, property 
in the goods not being changed by the seizure of the 
goods under the first writ on behalf of the subject. 
Whar. Max. 70. 



184 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

310. Quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit : — Went. 

Off. of Exec. 58. 

This maxim may be said to apply iu its strict sense 
to all those cases where buildings are erected upon 
land, or fixtures affixed to buildings, by a man upon 
his own land or by one man upon the laud of another. 
In which cases, in the absence of any express or im- 
plied agreement to the contrary, the buildings and 
fixtures belong to the owner of the soil. 

Trade fixtures are now excepted from the operation 
of this rule. Whar. Max. 73. 

311. Qui facit per alium, facit per se: — Co. Litt. 

258. 

This maxim has reference to the law of principal and 
agent, and under it a principal is responsible for the 
acts of his agent; as, where B. employs A. to buy goods 
for him, B. is liable in an action for the amount. 

If a servant do what the master ought to do, it is 
the same as though the master did it himself, or if a 
servant do anything without the consent of the master, 
it may be ratified by the latter. 

This maxim applies to everything done by the agent 
in the scope of his authority, whether the agent be en- 
gaged in purchase or sale. 

It does not apply to the acts of the agent of an agent. 
Whar. Max. 75. See Maxims 96 and 340. 

312. Qui hseret in litera, hseret in cortice: — Co. 

Litt. 289. 

A liberal translation would be, He who considers the 
letter only of an instrument cannot comprehend its 
meaning. 

That which is contrary to reason is contrary to law, 
the meaning of the maxim being that to understand the 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 185 

letter of the law the reason of it must be known. So 
the construction of deeds must be agreeable to common 
understanding; and where the intention is clear too 
much stress must not be laid upon the precise signifi- 
cation of words. 

A lessee who covenants to leave all the timber which 
was growing on the land when he took it, breaks the 
covenant if, at the end of the term, he cuts it down but 
leaves it there. Whar. Max. 76. See Maxims 121, 
239, 249, 280. 

313. Qui in utero est, pro jam nato habetur, quo- 

ties de ejus commodo quseritur: — 2 Bla. Com. 

A child in the womb is considered as actually born 
when its rights of property or otherwise are inquired 
into. 

314. Qui non habet, ille non dat: — Jackson v. Brad- 

ford, 4 Wend. 619, 623. See Maxims 39, 92 
and 268. 

315. Qui non habet potestatem alienandi, habet 

necessitatem retinendi : — Hob. 336. See 
Maxims 39, 268 and 314. 

316. Qui non improbat, approbat: — 3 Inst. 27. See 

Maxims 71 and 317. 

317. Qui non obstat quod obstare potest facere vi- 

detur: — 2 Inst. 146. See Maxims 71 and 
316. 

318. Qui non prohibet cum prohibere possit, in 

culpa est: — 2 Inst. 305. See Maxims 71, 
316 and 317. 

319. Quipeccat ebrius, luat sobrius: — Carey's Bep. 

133. 



186 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

The immunity from punishment, which, through mo- 
tives of humanity and justice, is allowed bylaw to per- 
sons mentally affected, is not extended to him who 
commits a felony, or other offense, whilst in a state of 
drunkenness ; he shall not be excused, because his in- 
capacity arose from his own default, but is answerable 
equally as if he had been in the full possession of his 
faculties. 

Yet proof of the fact of drunkenness may be very 
material, as tending to show the intention with which 
the particular act charged as an offense was commit- 
ted, and whether the act done was accidental or de- 
signed. Broom Max. 17. 

320. Qui potest et debet vetare et non vetat jubet : 

Wendell v. Van Eensselaer, 1 Johns. Oh. 
344. See Maxims 71 and 316. 

321. Qui prior est tempore potior est juri : — Co. 

Litt. 14. 

This maxim applies to the first occupant of land, to 
the heir who takes by descent and to an inventor. 

The law of descent whereby the eldest male, at com- 
mon law, of equal degrees of consanguinity, as being 
first in time and more worthy, are preferred to the 
younger, is regulated by this maxim. 

So, where there are two writs of fieri facias deliv- 
ered to the sheriff, the one first delivered must first be 
satisfied. 

Also the finder of a chattel acquires a right thereto 
against all but the true owner. Whar. Max. 174. See 
Maxims 149, 163, 248 and 331. 

322. Qui sentit commodum, debet et sentire onus : 

et e contra : — 1 Co. 99. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 187 

The liability of a railroad company to provide suffi- 
cient accommodation for passengers and goods in 
traffic, and to indemnify against loss or damage by 
negligence, iu return for the exclusive right of way, 
comes within the meaning of this rule. Also where 
the public are not directly concerned, as in rights and 
liabilities arising out of the relation of lessor and les- 
see, husband and wife, principal and agent. Thus a 
devise subject to the payment thereon of a certain 
sum, carries with it an obligation to make the pay- 
ment, and the thing devised stands charged with the 
sum payable, and cannot be accepted otherwise. See 
Maxim 3C6. 

323. Qui tacet consentire videtur : — Jenk. Cent. 

32. See Maxims 71, 134, 143 and 317. 

324. Quod ab initio non valet, in tractu temporis 

non convalescit : — 4 Co. 2. 
When the consideration for a deed is illegal, no 
lapse of time can cure the defect. In nullities in 
pleadings also, and in transactions founded upon fraud, 
it may be stated generally that lapse of time will not 
avail to cure the defect. The will of an infant is void 
and is not rendered available when the infant attains 
full age, unless there be a new execution. Yet in the 
Boman Law, if a husband sold his wife's dowry, the 
sale was invalid, still, if at her death, the land became 
his, the sale was established. D. 41, 3, 42. Whar. 
Max. 81. See Maxim 229. 

325. Quod constat curiae opere testiuin non in- 

diget:— 2 Inst. 662. 
This maxim refers the knowledge which a judge will 
officially take of a fact without proof, such as the ex- 
istence and titles of foreign powers, the ordinary pub- 



188 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

lie fasts and holidays, the coincidence of the days of 
the week with those of the month, etc. The courts of 
the United States take judicial notice of the public 
statutes of the several States. See Maxim 287. 

326. Quod necessarie intelligitur, id non deest: 

1 Buls. 71. 

This maxim finds illustration in the interpretation 
of instruments, such as wills, deeds and contracts. 

A custom, for instance, when parties contract with 
reference thereto, need not be expressed, for it is nec- 
essarily understood — necessarie intelligitur, and parol 
evidence may be introduced to show what the cus- 
tom is. 

327. Quod necessitas cogit, defendit: — H. H. P. 

C. 54. See Maxims 259 and 260. 

328. Quod non apparet, non est: — Jenk. Cent. 207. 
In reading an affidavit, the court will look solely at 

the facts deposed to, and will not presume the exist- 
ence of additional facts in order to support the allega- 
tions contained in it. See Maxim 98. 

329. Quod non habet principium non habet finem: 

Wing. Max. 79. 
Where a living, for instance, becomes vacant by res- 
ignation or canonical deprivation, the common law 
requires the bishop to give notice thereof to the patron, 
otherwise the former can take no advantage by lapse. 
See Maxim 324. 

330. Quod per me non possum, nee per alium: — 4 

Co. 24. See Maxim 311. 

331. Quod priu s est verius; et quod prius est tem- 

pore potius est jure:— Co. Litt. 347. See 
Maxims 149, 163, 248, 321. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 189 

332. Quod vanum et inutile est, lex non requirit: 

Co Litt. 146. See Maxim 218. 

333. Quoties in verbis nulla ambiguitas, ibi nulla 

exposito contra verba expressa fienda est: 

Co. Litt. 147. 
If an instrument be plain upon the face of it, and 
complete in meaning, no evidence will be admitted to 
give any other construction to it than that which is so 
plainly expressed, even though it be contended that 
the plain meaning so expressed upon the face of the 
instrument does not carry out the intention of the 
parties. Therefore, in all cases where a written in- 
strument appears on the face of it to be complete, 
parol evidence will not be admitted to vary or contra- 
dict it. The rule as to patent ambiguity applies to 
the maxim under consideration; as, in a will, if there 
be a blank for the devisee's name, parol evidence will 
not be admitted to supply this defect. 

334. Eatio est legis anima, mutata legis ratione 

mutatur et lex: — Jenk. Cent. 45. See Max- 
ims 61, 62, 226 and 367. 

335. Reprobata pecunia liberat solventem: — 9 Co. 

79. 
A tender of money, to release the debtor, must be 
made by a person authorized by the debtor, and to the 
creditor or some one authorized to receive it. This 
maxim is further subject to the qualification that the 
exact sum must be tendered and at the time agreed 
upon, or, in other words, in compliance with the terms 
of the contract. Bouv. Law. Diet. 714. 

336. Res gestae. 

The circumstances, facts, and declarations which 



190 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

grow out of the main fact, are contemporaneous with 
it, and serve to illustrate its character. 

Under the res gestae may be included facts which so 
illustrate and characterize the principal fact as to con- 
stitute one transaction. 

It is impossible to lay down a rule as to what is part 
of the res gestce, which will be decisive of the question 
in every case in which it may be presented by the un- 
varying phases of human life. 

On an indictment for rape, what the girl said so 
recently after the fact as to exclude the possibility of 
practising on her, has been held to be admissible evi- 
dence as a part of the res gestce. 

337. Ees integra. 

A term applied to those points of law which have 
not been decided, and which are untouched by dictum 
or decision. 

338. Ees inter alios acta alteri nocere non debet: — 

Co. Litt. 132. 

Every fact not admitted must be proved upon oath, 
either on the trial of the issue, or some other issue in- 
volving the same question between the same parties. 
Where other evidence is adduced, it is res inter alios 
acta, and this maxim applies; unless it be of that nature 
which necessity admits; as documents of a public na- 
ture, or declarations of persons deceased, or against 
interest, etc. 

A simple illustration is that of a judgment recovered 
in one court, which may be successfully pleaded in bar 
in an action between the same parties for the same 
thing in another court of concurrent jurisdiction. But 
it is otherwise where the record of a conviction in a 
criminal suit is offered as evidence of the same fact in 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 191 

controversy in a civil suit, for the parties are not the 
same, the state being a party in the criminal suit. So 
one would not be bound by the declarations of a 
stranger. 

The reason of this maxim is that it would be unjust 
to bind a person by proceedings to which he was not 
a party, to which he had no opportunity of making a 
defense, and from which he could not appeal. Whar. 
Max. 84. See Maxim 198. 

339. Ees judicata accipitur pro veritate: — Co. Litt. 

103. 

By res judicata we mean a legal or equitable issue 
that has been decided by a court of competent jurisdic- 
tion, and it is a general principle that such decision is 
binding and conclusive upon all other courts of con- 
current power. 

This is a rule of universal law. But in order to make 
a matter res judicata four conditions must concur, 
namely : identity in the thing sued for, identity of the 
cause of action, identity of persons and of parties to 
the action, and identity of the quality of the persons 
for or against whom the claim is made. Bonv. Law. 
Diet. See Maxims 170 and 187. 

340. Bespondeat superior : — 4 Inst. 114. 

The application of this rule arises chiefly out of the 
relation existing between the parties in the cases of 
principal and agent, master and servant. 

Thus where a servant commits a trespass by the com- 
mand of the master, the servant himself is directly 
liable, and the master also under this rule of respondeat 
superior. 

This rule also applies to fraud on the part of the ser- 
vant acting apparently within the scope of his author- 



192 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

ity, but it does not apply to wilfully tortous acts, as 
act of purposed injury not falling within the scope of 
such authority. Whar. Max. 85. See Maxims 96, 311. 

341. Eex est major singulis, minor universis : — 

Brae. lib. 1, C. 8. 
When the rights of the King and individuals con- 
flict, those of the latter must give way, but if the rights 
or the claims of the King come in contact with the 
rights of all the people, he must either yield or revo- 
lution will result. See Maxim 309. 

342. Eex non debet judicare sed secundum legem : 

Jenk. Cent. 9. See Maxims 343 and 345. 

343. Eex non potest peccare : — 2 Eoll. E. 304. 
This maxim does not imply that the king cannot, as 

a man, do wrong, but that, in his kingly capacity, 
wrong is not to be imputed to him. As an individual, 
the king is protected from ordinary common law pro- 
ceedings by a subject by suit or action for injury of a 
private nature not in respect to a claim to property. 

The king is not under the dominion of man, but of 
God and the law, and it is not to be presumed that he 
will do or sanctiou anything contrary to law, to which 
he is equally amenable with his subjects. But if an 
evil act be done, though emanating from the king per- 
sonally, it will be imputed to his ministers, and the 
king is in no way responsible for their acts, whether 
they be his immediate advisers or any one acting in 
authority under him or them. Upon this principle, the 
crown cannot be prejudiced by the wrongful acts of its 
servants nor by errors in letters patent, etc. Whar. 
Max. 86. See Maxim 345. 

344. Eex nunquam moritur : — Branct. Max. 197, 

5 ed. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 193 

The principle contained in this inaxini of our Con- 
stitution is founded upon motives of expediency, and 
to avoid dissension in troublesome times, the de- 
scent of the crown being once fixed. The law ascribes 
to the sovereign in his political capacity perpetuity. 
The demise of the king means only that there has been 
a disunion of the king's natural body from his body 
politic, the kingdom being transferred to his successor, 
thus preserving the perpetual character of the royal 
dignity. 

In accordance with this maxim, a grant of lands 
made to the king without the words heirs or successors 
will pass a fee-simple. As the king commences his 
reign from the day of the death of the ancestor, it has 
been held that compassing his death before corona- 
tion, is compassing the king's death. Whar. Max. 87. 
See Maxim 151. 

345. Eex quod injustum est facere non potest: 

Jenk. Cent. 9. See Maxim 343. 

346. Salus populi est suprema lex: — 13 Co. 139. 

In all cases of necessity the interests of an individ- 
ual must give way to the interests of a multitude, the 
principle extending to private as well as to public in- 
terests. It is upon this principle that private indi- 
viduals are bound to perform certain public duties 
when called upon; as to prevent a breach of the peace, 
serve as jurors, soldiers, sailors, pay taxes, etc. So 
public officers, acting in the proper discharge of their 
duty are not liable for injury to private individuals. 

Those who are called upon to make individual sacri- 
fice for the public good know that they receive a cor- 
responding benefit in the protection afforded them in 
their person and property bv the laws of the country, 

* 13 



194 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

and in other privileges thereby accorded. Whar. 
Max. 90. See Maxims 152, 217 and 261. 

347. Scienter. 

This is the allegation of knowledge on the part of a 
defendant or person accused, which is necessary to 
charge upon him the consequence of the crime or tort. 
A man may pass a counterfeit coin, when he is igno- 
rant of its being counterfeit, and is guilty of no of- 
fense; but if he knew the coin to be counterfeit, which 
is called the scienter, be is guilty of passing counter- 
feit money. Bonv. Law. Die. 

348. Scire facias. 

A writ for a defendant to appear in court on a day 
named to show cause why the plaintiff should not have 
advantage out of a matter of public record. For ex- 
ample, its purposes may be to revive a judgment, 
which from lapse of time will soon be presumed to 
have been released as satisfied. The writ commands 
the defendant to show cause (1) why the judgment 
should not be revived, or (2) why execution should 
not issue. Scire facias is also used by the government 
as a mode to ascertain and enforce the forfeiture of a 
corporate charter, where there is a legal existing body, 
but who have abused their power. Bouv. Law. Diet. 

349. Scribere est agere: — 2 Bol. Bep. 89. 

A deed in writing is, at the present time, sufficient to 
effect the transfer of property, without any actual 
livery of seisin. 

350. Semper prsesumitur pro legitimatione puero- 

rum:— Co Litt. 126. 
Because the negative of this proposition involves 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 195 

guilt which the law does not presume. Besides, 
knowledge of paternity, or filiation would be extremely 
difficult to arrive at in case where one is not the law- 
ful husband. See Maxims 129 and 351. 

351. Semper pro matrimonio prsesuinitur. See Max- 

ims 129 and 350. 

352. Senatus populusque Eomanus. 

These words, in an abbreviated form — S. P. Q. E.— 
appeared on Eomau coins and on the standards of the 
legions. 

353. Sententia interlocutaria revocari potest, de- 

finitiva non potest: — Bac. Max. 

A final decree or judgment does not become such, 
until the term has passed in which it was rendered, 
after which time it cannot be revoked. 

An interlocutory decree or judgment, however, may 
be revoked any time before it is made final and up to 
that time is said to be in gremio curiae — in the breast 
of the court. 

354. Servitia personalia sequuntur personam: — 2 

Inst. 374. 
Personal services follow the person. 

355. Sic utere tuo ut alien urn non leedas: — 9 Co. 59. 
The principle of this maxim applies to the public, and 

to public rights, and in such a manner as that when 
any such right is violated whereby damages is sus- 
tained, a right of action arises. Thus, the lessee and 
occupier of refreshment rooms at a railway station, and 
of a cellar underneath, whose servant a coal dealer, in 
putting coal into the cellar, left open a trap door in the 



196 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

platform of the station, through which a passenger fell 
and was injured, was held liable in damages for the 
injury sustained by such passenger, Whar. Max. 90. 
See Maxims 15 and 172. 

350. Simplex commendatio non obligat. 
This refers to a simple commendation of goods by a 
vendor, not amounting to warranty. 

357. Stare decisis. 

This is the great doctrine of precedents and is to be 

distinguished from res judicata, which is more limited 

in its application. When once a point of law is firmly 

settled by a decision, that decision rules like cases sub- 

•sequeu tly arising. 

When there has been a series of decisions by the 
highest tribunal, the rule stare decisis is regarded as 
impregnable — except by legislative enactment. Har- 
row v. Meyers, 29 Ind. 470. See Maxim 293. 

358. Sublata causa, tollitur effectus: — 2 Bl. Com. 

203. See Maxim 334. 

359. Sublato fundamento, cadit opus : — Jenk. Cent. 

106. See Maxims 334 and 358. 

360. Subsequens matrimonium tollit peccatum prae- 

cedens : — Beg. Jur. Civ. 
According to the civil law, a child born out of law- 
ful wedlock was made legitimate by the subsequent 
marriage of the parents. This rule, however, was not 
adopted at common law, which even after such a mar- 
riage regarded the child a bastard. 

361. Summa ratio est qure pro religione facit : — Co. 

Lift. 341. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 197 

The laws of all nations are supposed to be founded 
upon this maxim, the only question being what is re- 
ligion, and the difference of opinion upon this ques- 
tion is owing to the difference in customs, habits, and 
laws of the universe. The laws of all countries are 
supposed to be consistent with their respective relig- 
ions. By reason of this rule the law gives the church 
many privileges, in order to favor religion, such as the 
exemption of church property from taxation. Whar. 
Max. 91. 

362. Suppressio veri expressio falsi : — Addington 

v. Allen, 11 Wend. 374, 417. 
This maxim refers to the suppression of material 
facts, which a party is bound to disclose, such facts 
contradicting or qualifying those that are expressed. 
See Maxim 134. 

363. Terra firma. Solid land. 

364. Testamenta latissimam interpretatiouem hab- 

ere debent : — Jenk. Cent. 81.- See Maxims 
171, 177 and 371. 

365. Traditio loqui chartam facit : — 5 Co. 1. See 

Maxim 178. 

366. Transit terra cum onere : — Yan Eensselaer v. 

Bonesteel, 24 Barb. 365, 368. 

An application of this maxim is to be found in cov- 
enants running with the land, which pass with the 
land, and on which the assignee of the lessee, or the 
heir or devisee of the covenantor, is in many cases 
liable. This maxim also holds with reference to cus- 
toms that are annexed to the land and that pass there- 
with. See Maxims 3 and 322. 



198 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

367. Ubi eadem ratio ibi idem lex, et de similibus 

idem est judicium: — Co. Litt. 191. 

For the first part of this maxim it may be said that 
law is founded upon reason, and is the perfection 
thereof, and that what is contrary to reason is con- 
trary to law; and for the second, that where no estab- 
lished precedent can be found exactly in point, where- 
upon to ground a decision, the case in question may 
be properly decided by reference to similar cases. 
Whar. Max. 92. See Maxims 226 and 334. 

368. Ubi jus remedium est: — Co. Litt. 197. 

This maxim was in former times more looked to as a 
guide than at present, for the remedies provided by 
law were not so numerous, nor so well understood or 
applied in redressing grievances. The remedy here 
referred to more particularly applies to those cases 
where the common law gives a right, or prohibits a 
wrong; and, generally, whether or not any actual 
damage has arisen from violation of the right. It 
must be borne, in mind that the right here alluded to 
is one in contemplation of law and not what any one 
might call a right. Whar. Max. 93. See Maxims 162 
and 212. 

369. Ubi non est principalis, non potest esse acces- 

sorius: — 4 Co. 43. See Maxim 3. 

370. Ubi nullum matrimonium, ibi nulla dos est: 

Mere concubinage does not constitute marriage, 
and, as an essential element of dower is a lawful mar- 
riage, dower would not attach without it. A dissolu- 
tion of marriage also will defeat dower. 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 199 

371. Ultima voluntas testatoris est perimplenda 

secundum veram intentionem suam. — Co. 
Litt. 322. See Maxims 171, 177 and 364. 

372. Utile per inutile non vitiatur: — Dyer, 292. 

This rule is chiefly applicable to what is called sur- 
plusage, or the introduction of useless and unneces- 
sary words in deeds, contracts, pleadings, etc., which 
words, under this rule, will be rejected rather than be 
allowed to vitiate, or render useless, the instrument in 
which they are introduced. 

Deeds and other writings, good in part and bad in 
part, whether through defect in the consideration, the 
drawing of the instrument, or otherwise, come within 
this rule. See Maxims 97, 121 and 249. 

373. Ut poena ad paucos, metus ad omnes perve- 

niat:— 4 Inst. 6. 

One of the purposes of the law is to operate as a de- 
terrent force, without which many more offenses would 
be committed. See Maxim 148. 

374. Verba chartarum fortius accipiuntur contra 

proferentem: — Co. Litt. 36. 
This maxim is subject to the rule, that an instrument 
must be construed according to the intention of the 
parties gathered from the whole instrument, and the 
maxim applies only where there is an ambiguity, re- 
quiring explanation, in the language of the instru- 
ments; and where the construction will not work to 
the injury of third parties. Thus, where an estate is 
granted to a man for life, without saying for whose 
life, it shall be taken to be for the life of the grantee, 
an estate for a man's own life being considered greater 
than an estate for the life of another. Whar. Max. 95. 



200 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

375. Verba clebent intelligi curn effectu: — Bickets 

v. Livingston, 2 Johns. Oas. 97, 101. 

This is a general principle, which governs the con- 
struction of all agreements, oral or written, and of all 
unilateral instruments, like deeds or wills, which are 
designed to embody the intention of a party. 21 
Wend. 652. See Maxim 175. 

376. Verba intentioni, non e contra, debent inser- 

vire:— 8 Co. 94. See Maxims 239, 249 and 
280. 

377. Via antiqua est tuta: — Manning v. Manning, 

1 Johns, ch. 527, 530. 

This maxim should be considered in connection with 
eursus curiae, est lex curiae. 

Any informal proceeding, or one not done within the 
time set for it, or in the manner prescribed by the prac- 
tice of the court, may be set aside for irregularity. 

Courts of law will not sanction a speculative novelty 
without the warrant of any principle, precedent or 
authority. See Maxims 88 and 293. 

378. Vi et armis. 

This is the phrase used to denote an action of tres- 
pass accompanied with force. It is brought to recover 
damages which result immediately from the injury to 
the person or to personal property. 

379. Vigilantibus et non dormientibus jura sub- 

veniunt: — Wing. 092. 

In all actions, suits, and other proceedings at law 
and in equity, the diligent and careful actor is fav- 
ored to the prejudice of him who is careless. 

The statutes of limitations, whether as respects real 



LEGAL MAXIMS. 201 

or personal property, persons, or things, are made in 
furtherance of the principle of this maxim. So the 
law may deny relief to one who has long' and negli- 
gently delayed to file a bill for specific performance. 
5 Ves. 720 ; 26 Wend. 238, 247. 

380. Vir et uxor in lege putantur una persona: 

Jenk. Cent. 27. 

This was a fiction of the common law, the husband 
and the wife by marriage becoming one legal person. 
The woman by marriage lost all legal identity and was 
considered civiliter mortuus. 

To illustrate, they could not contract together or 
wrong each other civilly, or sue each other. They 
could not testify for or against each other except where 
one had inflicted personal injury upon the other. The 
rigidity of this rule has been greatly modified by legis- 
lation. It was unknown to the civil law. 

381. Visitationem commendamus. 

Visitation is the act of examining into the affairs of 
a corporation. This power was applicable only to 
ecclesiastical and eleemosynary corporations at com- 
mon law. The visitation of civil corporations is by 
the government through the medium of the courts. 
In the United States the legislature is the visitor of 
all corporations founded by it for public purposes. 
Bouv. Law Diet. 

382. Volenti non fit injuria:— Wing. Max. 482. 
This maxim applies principally to those cases where 

a man suffers an injury for which he has a claim for 
compensation, but which claim he is considered as 
waiving by acquiescing in, or not objecting to, the in- 
jury committed; as, when a man connives at or con- 



202 LEGAL MAXIMS. 

dones the adultery of his wife, he cannot in such case 
obtain damages from the seducer, nor sustain a peti- 
tion for divorce. So where a man has jointly con- 
tributed to the injury he has received by his own neg- 
ligence, so where one voluntarily pays a debt con- 
tracted during his infancy, or barred by the statute of 
limitations, he has no right to the repayment of the 
money. 3 Johns. Cas. 240. Whar. Max. 99. See 
Maxims 71 and 281. 

383. Voluntas in delictis non exitus spectatur : — 2 

Inst. 57. See Maxim 64. 

384. Voluntas reputabatur pro facto : — 3 Inst. 69. 

This is the old maxim with respect to treasonable of- 
fenses. To constitute the offense of treason the intent 
alone was sufficient, for the law was more strict where 
one compassed or imagined the death of the king. Be- 
tween subject and subject the intent must be more 
manifest, and must be accompanied by undeniable 
overt acts. The intent will be gathered from all the 
surrounding circumstances. An expressed intention to 
commit a felony, without any overt act, is not felony ; 
though with an overt act, it would be. Where a ser- 
vant, having stolen his master's goods, went to his bed- 
side and attempted to cut his throat, and thinking he 
had done so, left him and fled, he was guilty of felony, 
for, in crimes, the intent and not the consequence is 
regarded. Whar. Max. 100. See Maxims 383. 

385. Vox. populi vox Dei est. 

The voice of the people is the voice of God — a prin- 
ciple that is being fast recognized by the nations of 
the world, but which is given especial emphasis and 
importance by republics, whose rulers hold their com- 
missions from the people, to whom they are solely re- 
sponsible. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



203 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



A. 

a or ab, prep. w. abl.,from, 

by. 
abhorreo, - £re, - ui, , 

shrink from, be averse 

to, abhor. 
abrogo, - are,- avi,- atum, 

repeal, abrogate. 
absoliitus, - a, - una, - adj . , 

absolute. 
abiindans, - n t i s , adj . , 

abundant, unusual. 

ac, conj., and. 
accessorium,- i, n. acces- 
sory, incident. 

accessorius,-a,-um, adj., 
accessory. 

accido,-ere,-cidi, — , hap- 
pen. 

accipio, - ere, - eepi, - eep- 
tum, accept. 

accresco,- ere,-evi,-etum, 
survive, accrue. 

accuso, - dre, - avi,- atum, 
accuse. 

actio, -onis, f. action. 

actor,-6ris, m. plaintiff. 

actum, -i, n. act. 

actus,-us, m. act. 

ad, prep, with ace., based 
upon, according to. 



adapto, - are, - avi,-atum, 

suit, adapt. 

adhibeo, - ere, - ui,- itum, 
give to. 

adimpleo,-ere,-evi,-etum, 
fulfill, carry out. 

adjournamentum,-i, n. 
adjournment. 

admitto,-ere,-misi, - mis- 
sum, admit, receive. 

administro, - are, -avi,- 
atum, administer. 

adversarium,-i, n. adver- 
sary. 

sedifico,- are,- avi, - atum, 
build. 

9equalis,-e, adj., equal. 

aequitas,-atis, f. equity. 

aequus,-a,-um, adj., just. 

sestimatio,-6nis, f. esti- 
mate, value. 

aetas,-atis, f. age. 

seternus,-a,-um, adj ^eter- 
nal. 

afflrmatio,-6nis, f. affirm- 
ation. 

alienatio,-6nis, f. aliena- 
tion. 

ago, - ere, - egi, -actu m , 
transact. 

alieno, - are, - avi, - atum, 
alienate. 



204 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



alienus,-a,-um, adj., an- 
other's. 

aliquando, adv., some- 
times. 

alius,-a,-ud, adj., other. 

allegans,-ntis, one alleg- 
ing. 

allegatio,-6nis, f. allega- 
tion. 

allegatum,-i, n. allegation, 
averment. 

allego, - are, - avi, - atuui, 
allege. 

alloquor, -loqui, - lociitus 
sum, address, speak to. 

alter,-era,-erum, adj., an- 
other. 

altus,-a,-um, adj., high. 

ambigiiitas,-atis, f. am- 
biguity. 

amicus,-i, m. friend. 

amitto, - ere, - niisi, - mis- 
sum, lose. 

anrplio,- are, - avi, - at um, 
enlarge. 

Anglia,-a3, f. England. 

angustus,-a,-uin, adj., 
narrow, restricted. 

angusto,-are,-avi,- atum, 
restrict, limit. 

annus,-i, m. year. 

ante, prep. w. ace, before. 

antefero,-ferre,-tuli, - la- 
tum, prefer. 

antiquus,-a,-um, adj., an- 
cient, old. 

apertus,-a,-um, adj., open. 



appareo,-ere, - ui, - itum» 

appear. 

app6no,-ere,-p6sui,-posi- 
tum, apply. 

approbo,-are,-avi,-atum, 
approve. 

apud, prep. w. ace, among. 

aqua,-ae, f. water. 

arbitrium,-i, n. aicard. 

arbiter,-tri, m. judge. 

arbor,-oris, f. tree. 

arctus,-a,-um, adj., bind- 
ing. 

argumentum,-i, n. argu- 
ment. 

arma,-6rum, n.plur. arms. 

armatus,-!, m. an armed 
person. 

anno,;- are, - avi, - atum, 
arm. 

articulus,-i, m. article, 
moment. 

assentio,-6nis, f. assent, 
meeting. 

assignatus,-i, m. assignee. 

atque, conj., and. 

auctor,-oris, in. assignor. 

auctoritas,-atis, f. author- 
ity. 

audio, - ire, - ivi, - itum, 
hear. 

aiila,-ae, f. hall, court. 

auritus,-i, m. ear witness. 

B. 

bellum,-i, n. war. 
beneficium,-i, n. benefit, 
advantage. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



205 



benignus,-a,-um, adj., 

favorable. 
billa,-8e, f. bill, writ. 
bis, num. adv., twice. 
b6na,-6rum,n. plur. goods, 

property. 
bonus,-a,-um, adj., good. 
bonus,-i, m. bonus. 
brevis,-e, adj., brief, short. 
br£ve,-is, n. writ. 

c. 

caxlo,-ere,-cecidi,-casum, 

fail. 

capio,-ere,-cepi,-captum, 
talis, receive. 

cassis,-idis, f. helmet. 

casso, - are, - avi, - atum, 
quash. 

c£sus,-us, m. event. 

catallum,-i, n. chattel. 

causa,-ae, f. cause, motive. 

caiiso, - are, - avi, - atum, 
cause, move. 

cautela,-se, f. caution. 

caveo,-ere,-cavi,-cautum, 
beware. 

cedo,-ere,-cessi,- cessum, 
pass, go. 

celo,-are,-avi,-atum, con- 
ceal. 

cerus,-a,-um,adj.,c£Ttom. 

cesso, - are, - avi, - atum, 
cease. 

charta,-ae, f. writing, in- 
strument, deed. 

chartum,-i, n. deed. 



cito, adv., quickly. 

civiliter, adv., civilly. 

clandestiiius,-a,-um, adj., 
secret. 

clarus,-a,-um, adj., clear, 
plain. 

clausula,-se, f. clause. 

clypeus,-i, m. protection. 

coelum,-i, u. sTcy. 

cogitatio,-6nis, f. thought. 

cognosce - ere,- novi,-ni- 
tum, ascertain. 

cogo, - ere, - coegi, - coac- 
tum, compel, drive. 

cohabito,-are,-avi,-dtum, 
live or dwell together. 

comes,-itis, m . companion. 

commendatio,-6nis, f. re- 
commendation. 

commendo, -£re,-£vi,- 
atum, commend, recom- 
mend. 

commodatum,-i, n. loan. 

commodum,-i, n. advant- 
age, benefit. 

communis,-e, adj., com- 
mon. 

concessio,-6nis, f. grant. 

concor do, -are, -avi, - 
atum, reconcile. 

concubitus,-us, rn. cohab- 
itation. 

concurro, - ere, - cur r i , - 
ctirsum, concur. 

conditio, -6nis, f. condi- 
tion. 



206 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



connrmatio,-6nis, f. con- 
firmation. 

conscientia,-ae, f. con- 
science. 

consensus,-us, m. consent. 

consentio, - ire, - si, - s£n- 
sum, consent. 

consequens,-ntis, adj., 
folio icing. 

consequor, -i,-secutus 
sum, follow. 

conservo,-are,-avi,-atuni, 
observe, regard. 

consilium,-i, n. plan, pur- 
pose, advice. 

consto,- are, - stiti, - s t a - 
turn, appear. 

consuetiido,-inis, f. cus- 
tom. 

contra, prep. w. ace., 
against. 

contractuSj-us, m. con- 
tract. 

cdntraho, - ere, - 1 r a x i , - 
tractum, contract, con- 
summate. 

contrarius,-a,-um, adj . , 
opposite. 

contravenio, - ire, - veni,- 
ventum, thwart, run 
counter to. 

convalesce-,- ere,-valui, — , 
gather strength. 

conventio,-6nis, f. conven- 
tion, contract. 

coram, prep, with ace, in 
the presence of. 



Cornelius,-a,-uin, adj., of 
Cornelius. 

corpus,-oris, d. body, per- 
son, gist. 

cdrtex,-icis,m. and f. bark. 

credo,-ere,-didi, - ditum, 
believe. 

cresco, - ere, - crevi, - cre- 
tum, grow, increase. 

crimen,-inis, n. crime. 

criminalis,-e, adj., crimi- 
nal. 

ctilpa,-se, f. guilt, crime, 
fault. 

ciiltus,-us, m. worship. 

cum, prep. w. abl., with, 
in company with. 

cum, conj., when. 

cunctatio,-6nis, f. delay. 

curia,-»3, f. court. 

curro,-ere, cuciirri, ciir- 
sum, run. 

cursus,-us, m. practice. 

custodia,-se, f. custody, 
guard. 

D. 

damnincatus,-a,-um, adj. 
injured, damnified. 

damnum,-i, n. loss, dam- 
age. 

de, prep. w. abl., about, 
concerning, according to. 

d^beo, - ere, -ui,-itum, 
ought. 

debilis,-e, adj., weak. 

debitor,-6ris, m. debtor. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY, 



207 



debitum,-i, n. debt. 
decern, indecl. adj., ten. 
decido,-ere,-cidi,- cisum, 

decide. 
decipio,-ere,- cepi,- c e p - 

turn, deceive, impose 

upon. 
decisum,-i, n. decision. 
decretum,-i, n. decree. 
delectus, -us, m. defect, 

error. 
defendo,-e r e ,-s i ,-s u m , 

defend. 
defensio,-6nis, f. defence. 
dei'icio,-ere,-ie c i , - fe c - 

turn, fail. 
definio,-ire,-ivi ,-itum, 

define. 
definitivus,-a,-um, adj., 

final. 
delegatus, -a,-um, adj., 

conferred, delegated. 
delicatus,-!, m. dainty, or 

facetious person. 
delictum,-i, n. offence, 

crime. 
delinquo,-ere,- liqui,-lic- 

tum, be wanting, offend. 
demonstration - 6 n i s , f . 

proof. 
demonstro,-a r e , - a v i , - 

a tn m, indicate. 
derivativus,-a,-um, adj., 

derived. 
derogo,-are,-avi,-a turn, 

detract from. 
desino,-ere,-sivi,-situ m , 

fail. 



desum,-esse,-lui, , b e 

wanting. 

deus,-i, m. God. 

dico, - ere,- dixi,- dictum, 
say, affirm, assert. 

dictamen,-inis, n., dic- 
tate. 

dies,-ei, m. day. 

dilatio,-6nis, f. delay. 

dirimo, - ere, - emi,-emp- 
tum, remove, prevent. 

discerno,-ere,-crevi,-cre- 
tum, dispense, ascertain. 

disco, - ere, - didici, , 

learn. 

discretio, - onis, f. dis- 
cretion. 

disp6no,-ere,-posui,-pos- 
itvim, dispose. 

dispositio,-6nis, f. dispo- 
sition. 

divino, - are, - avi,-atum, 
prophecy, foretell, fore- 
cast. 

divinus,-a,-um, adj., di- 
vine. 

do, - dare, - dedi, -datum, 
give, furnish. 

dolum,-i, n. device. 

dominicus, - a, - um, adj. , 
of the Lord. 

dominus,-i, m. lord, mas- 
ter. 

domus,-i,-[us], f. house. 

dono, - are, - avi, - atum, 
give. 

donum,-i, n. gift. 



208 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



dormieus,-ntis, c. a sleep- 
ing or negligent person. 

dormio, - ire, - ivi, - (ii), - 
itum, sleep. 

dos dotis,- f. dower. 

dubius,-a,-um, adj. doubt- 
ful, ambiguous. 

duco,-ere,-diixi,- diictum 
lead. 

diictor, - oris, m. leader, 
guide. 

dum, conj., while. 

duo,-ae,-o, num. adj. two. 

duplex, - icis, adj . , two- 
fold. 

E. 

£brius,-a,-um, adj., intox- 
icated. 

ecclesia,-ae, f. church. 

effectum,-i, n. effect. 

effectus,-us, ni. effect. 

ego, pers. pron., I. 

emptor,-6ris, m. buyer. 

eo,-ire, -ivi, -itum, go. 

error, - oris, m. mistaJce, 
error. 

et, conj., and, also. 

essentialis,-e, adj., essen- 
tial. 

ex, prep. w. abl., by vir- 
tue of, from. 

exceptio,-6nis, f. excep- 
tion. 

cxcliido,-ere,- clusi, - clii- 
sum, explain, clear up. 

exclusio,-6nis, f. exclusion. 



exciiso,- are, - avi, - atum, 

excuse, condone. 

executio,-6nis, f. execu- 
tion. 

exercitatio,-onis, f. exer- 
cise, practice. 

exercitus,-us, m. army. 

exliibeo, - ere, - ui, - itum, 
mete out, dispense, give. 

existo,-ere,-stiti,-stitum, 
exist. 

experientia, - ae, f. expe- 
rience. 

expositio, - ouis, f. con- 
struction. 

exprimo, - ere, - pressi, - 
pressum, express. 

exterior, -oris, com p. adj., 
outer, external. 

extermino, - are, - avi, - 
atum, destroy. 

extremus,-a,-um, adj., 
dire, extreme, urgent. 

F. 

facilis,-e, adj., easy. 

facinus,-oris, n. crime. 

facio, - ere, feci, factum, 
do, make. 

factum, -i, n. fact. 

facultas,-atis, f. opportu- 
nity. 

fallo, fallere, fefelli, fal- 
sum, destroy, fail. 

falsus,-a,-um, adj., false. 

fateor, - eri, fassus, sum, 
confess. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



209 



faveo,-ere, favi, fautum, 

favor. 
favor,-6ris, m. boon. 
felix,-icis, adj., fortunate, 

happy. 
felonia,-ae, f. felony. 
fero, ferre, tiili, latum, 

bear, carry. 
festinatio,-6nis, f. haste. 
i'ictio,-6iiis, f. fiction. 
fides,-ei, f. faith, credit. 
filiatio,-6nis, f. affiliation, 

copulation. 
filius,-i, m. son. 
finis,-is, c. end. 
fio, fieri, factus, sum, to 

be made, become. 
lirmo, - are, - avi, - alum, 

strengthen. 
firmus,-a,-um, adj., firm, 

solid, strong. 
forma,-se, f. form. 
fortis, e, adj., poiverful. 
fortuitus, - a, - um, adj., 

fortuitous. 
forum,-i, n. forum, Court. 
fractio,-6nis, f. fraction. 
fraus,-dis, m. fraud. 
frequens,-ntis, adj., fre- 
quent. 
fructus,-us, in. fruit. 
friistra, adv., in vain. 
fugio,-ere, fugi, fiigitum, 

fiy from. 
fundamentum,-i, n. foun- 
dation. 
14 



furor, - a r i, - atus s u in, 

steal. 

fiiror,-6ris, m. madness. 
futurum,-i, n. future. 
futiirus,-a,-um, adj., fu- 
ture. 

G. 

generalis,-e, adj., general. 

generaliter, adv., general- 
ly. 

gero,-ere, gessi, gestum, 
transact. 

grammatica,-8e, f. gram- 
mar. 

gravis,-e, severe, grave. 

H. 

habeo, - ere, - ui, - i t u m, 

have, hold, consider. 
haereo, - ere, haesi, liae- 

sum, cling to. 
haeres,-dis, m. heir. 
hie, haec, hoc, demons. 

proii., this. 
honestus, - a, - um, adj., 

proper, honest. 
homo,-inis, m. man. 
hostis,-is, c. enemy. 
humanus, - a, - um, adj . , 

human. 

I. 

ibi, adv., there. 
idem, eadem, idem, de- 
mons, pron., the same. 
ideo, adv., on that account. 



210 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



ignorans,-ntis, c. an ig- 
norant person. 

ignor&ntia, - se, f. ignor- 
ance. 

illusorius, - a, - um, adj . , 
illusory. 

immemor, adj., unmind- 
ful. 

immutabilis,-e, adj., un- 
changing, immutable. 

imperium,-i, n. govern- 
ment, state. 

implico,-are,-avi, - atum, 
imply. 

impossibilis,-e, adj., im- 
possible. 

impotentia,-se, f. inabil- 
ity, impotence. 

improbo,-are,-avi,-atuiii, 
disapprove. 

in> prep, w. ace. into, to, 
against, i. e. motion, w. 
abl. in, on, i. e. rest. 

incertus,-a,-um, adj., un- 
certain. 

incongruus,-a,-um, adj., 
incongruous. 

inconsuetus,-a,-um, adj. , 
unusual. 

incumbo,-ere,-ui, - itum, 
rest iipon. 

inde, adv., thence. 

indigeo,-ere, - ui, , to 

be in want of. 

indivisibilis,-e, adj., in- 
divisible. 



induco,-ere, - diixi, - duc- 
tum, induce, excite. 

inferus,-a,-um, adj., be- 
longing to the Loicer 
World. 

innciatio,-6uis, f. nega- 
tive. 

informatus,-a,-um, adj., 
informed. 

informo,-are,-avi,- atum* 
inform. 

infortunia,-8e, f. misfor- 
tune. 

infortunium,-!, n. misfor- 
tune, disaster. 

infra, adv., within. 

inhabilito, -are,-^vi,- 
atum, incapacitate. 

initium,-i, n. beginning. 

injuria, -se, f. injury, 
wrong. 

injusttis,-a,-um, adj., un- 
just. 

innocens,-iitis, c. an in- 
nocent person. 

innovatio,-6nis, f. innova- 
tion. 

iniiovo,-are, - avi, - atum, 
introduce. 

inservio, - ire, - ii - (ivi), - 
itum, be subservient to. 

inspicio, - ere, - s p e x i, - 
spectum, look into, ex- 
amine. 

instanter, adv., instantly. 

insufficienter, adv., in- 
sufficiently. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



211 



intelligo,-ere, - lexi, - tec- 
tum, understand, inter- 
pret. 

intendo,-ere, - di, - tum,- 
(sum), strive, presume. 

intentio,-6nis, f. inten- 
tion. 

Inter, prep. w. ace, among. 

interlocutarius, - a, - um, 
adj., interlocutory. 

interpretatio,-6nis, f. in- 
terpretation. 

interpreto, -are,-avi,- 
atuni, interpret. 

interregnum, -i, n. inter- 
regnum. 

intersum,-esse,-fui, be of 
interest, important to. 

intestinus,-um, adj., in- 
ternal. 

invalidus,-a,-uin, adj., in- 
valid. 

invitus,-a,-um, adj., un- 
icilling. 

ipse,-a,-um, demons, pron. 
himself, herself, itself. 

ira,-se, f. anger. 

is, ea, id, demons, pron., 
he, she, it, this. 



J. 



jubeo,-ere,-jussi,-jussuni, 

command. 

jiidex,-icis, m. judge. 

judicialis,-e, adj., judi- 
cial. 



judicium,-i, n. judgment, 
decision. 

jiidico, - are, - avi, - at urn, 
judge, adjudicate. 

juramentum,-i, n. oath. 

jurator,-6ris, m. juror. 

juridicus,-a,-um, adj., 
legal. 

jurisdictio,-6nis, f. juris- 
diction. 

jurisprudentia,-ae, f. jur- 
isprudence. 

juro,-are, -avi,-atum, 
swear, take an oath. 

justitia,-se, f. justice. 

jus,-iiris, n. law, right. 

jusjurandum, -us, -i, n. 
oath. 

justus,-a,-um, adj., just. 

L. 

languidus,-a,-um, adj., 
weak, sick. 

legalis,-e, adj., legal. 

legitimatio,-6nis, f. legit- 
imacy. 

legitimus,-a,-um, adj., 
legitimate. 

lex,-legis, m. laiv. 

libero,-are,-avi, - a t u m , 
absolve, discharge. 

libertas,-atis, f. liberty. 

licitus,-a,-um, adj., law- 
ful, legal. 

lignum,-i, n. wood, lumber. 



212 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



lis, litis, f. suit. 
litera,-ae, f. letter. 
16ngus,-a,-um, adj., long. 
16quor,-i, lociitus sum, 

speaTc. 
luctus,-us, m. mourning. 
luo,-ere,-lui,-lutum, e x - 

piate. 
lux,-lucis, f. light. 

M. 

magister,-tri, m. master. 
magistra,-se, f. mistress. 
majestas,-atis, f. majesty. 
malitia,-8e, f. malice. 
malum,-i, n. evil, misfor- 
tune, wrong. 
malus,-a,-um, adj., bad, 

evil. 
mando,-are, - avi, - atum, 

command, commit. 
manus,-us, f. hand, cus- 
tody. 
matrimouium,-i, n. mar- 
riage, matrimony. 
maturus, - a, - um, adj., 

mature. 
maxime, adv., especially. 
memoria,-*©, f. memorial", 

memory. 
mendacium,-i, n. false- 
hood. 
mens,-ntis,f. intent, mind. 
m£nsa,-£e, f. board, table. 
mensura,-8e, f. measure. 



mentior, - iri, - mentit vi s 

sum, He. 
mereor, - eri, m^ritus 

sum, deserve. 
merito, adv., deservedly. 
metus,-us, m. fear. 
mina,-se, f. threat. 
minor,-ari, minatus sum, 

threaten. 
miser ic6rdia,-ae, f. mercy, 

pity. 
miser,-era,-erum, a d j . y 

ivr etched. 
modus,-i, m. agreement, 

custom. 
m 6 n str o,-are, -avi, -dtum, 

point out. 
morior, - iri, mortuus 

sum, die. 
mortuus, - a, - um, adj., 

dead. 
mos,-m6ris, m. custom, 

moral. 
moveo,- £re, - movi, - mo- 

turn, move, remove. 
multiplex, adj. , multiplex. 
multus,-a,-um,adj. many, 

much. 
mundum,-i, n. world. 
miito, - are, - avi, - atum, 
change. 

N. 

nascor, - i, - uatus, - s u m, 

generate, arise, be born. 
natiira,-ae, n. nature. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



213 



naturalis,-e,adj. , natural. 

nee, adv., not. 

necessarie, adv., necessa- 
rily. 

necessitas,-atis, f. neces- 
sity. 

negligentia,-se, f. negli- 
gence. 

nego,-are,-avi,-atum, re- 
fuse, deny. 

nemo,-inis, c. no one. 

nequaquam, adv., never. 

nescio,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum, 
cease, be unable. 

nihil, nil, indecl. n. noth- 
ing. 

nisi, conj., unless. 

nocens,-ntis, c. ivrong- 
doer, guilty person. 

noceo, - ere, - ui, - i t n m, 
harm, do injury. 

nomen,-inis, n. name. 

non, adv., not. 

n6rma,-se, f. rule. 

nosco,-ere, novi, notum, 
recognize. 

noster,-tra,-truin, p o s s. 
pron., our. 

noverca,-ae, f. step-mother. 

novitas,-atis, f. novelty. 

novus,-a,-um, adj., new. 

mibes,-is, f. cloud. 

niibilis,-e, adj., marriage- 
able. 

nudus,-a,-um, adj., naked. 



nullus,-a,-um, adj., no 

{one.) 
numero,-are,-avi, -atum, 

count. 
nunquam, adv., never. 
nupti8e,-arum, f. plur., 

marriage. 

O. 

obligo, - are, -avi, - atum, 

bind. 

observo,-are,-avi, - atum, 
observe. 

6bsto,-are,-stiti,-statum, 
prevent. 

obtineo, - ere, - u i, - 1 e n- 
tum, obtain, acquire. 

occulatus,-i, m. eye wit- 
ness. 

odiosus,-a,-um, adj., od- 
ious. 

6dium,-i, n. odium. 

officium,-i, n. office. 

6mnis,-e, adj., all. 

6nus,-eris,n. incumbrance. 

operatio,-6nis, f. opera- 
tion. 

6pus,-eris, n. superstruc- 
ture, worlc, assistance. 

opus esse, to be necessary. 

6rdo,-inis, f. order, course. 

6rior,-iri, ortus s u m, 
arise, accrue. 

ortbographia,-se, f. spell- 
ing. 

6s, oris, n. voice. 

6stium,-i, n. door. 



214 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



P. 

pactum,-i, u. agreement. 

parco,-ere,-peperci ( par- 
si), -parcitum(parsum), 
spare, preserve. 

Parliamentum,-i, n. Par- 
liament. 

pario,-ere,-peperi, - pari- 
tum, produce, bring 
about. 

paro,-are,-avi,-atuni,^re- 
pare. 

pars,-rtis, f. part, side. 

partus,-us, m. offspring. 

patens, -ntis, adj., patent. 

pater,-tris, m. father. 

patria,-se, f. country. 

pauci,-6rum, m. p 1 u r. 
few. 

pax,-cis, f. peace. 

peccatum,-i, n. crime. 

pecco,-are,-avi, atum, do 
wrong. 

peciinia,-8e, f. money. 

per, prep. w. ace, through, 
by. 

percipio,-ere,-cepi, - cep- 
tum, perceive, under- 
stand. 

pere"nnis,-e, adj., perpet- 
ual. 

pereo,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum, 
fail, fall. 

perimpleo, -ere, -^vi, - 
etum, carry out, execute. 



perpetuus,-a,-um, adj., 
continual. 

persona,-se, f. person. 

personalis,-e, adj., per- 
sonal. 

perturbo, - are, - avi, - 
atum, disarrange, throw 
into confusion. 

planto,-are,-avi, -atum, 

affix, annex. 

plene, adv., fully, espec- 
ially. 

poena,-ae, f. punishment. 

ponclero,-are,-avi,-atum, 
weigh. 

pono,-ere, posui, posi- 
tum, place. 

populus,-i, m. people. 

possessio,-6nis, f. posses- 
sion. 

possideo,-ere,-sedi,- s es- 
sum, own, possess. 

possum, posse, p 6 1 u i, 
, be able. 

potens,-ntis, adj., power- 
ful. 

potentia,-ae, f. power. 

potestas,-atis, f. power. 

pdtis,-e, adj. powerful. 

pr8ecedens,-ntis, n. prece- 
dent. 

pra3fero,-ferre,-tuli, - 1 a - 
turn, prefer. 

praemium,-i, n. reward. 

prsescriptio,-6nis, f. pre- 
scription. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



215 



praesens,-ntis, adj., pres- 
ent. 

prsesuino,-e r e,-siimpsi, - 
stimptum, presume. 

prievenio,-ire,-veni,-ven- 
tum, prevent by antici- 
pating. 

pretium,-i, n. price. 

primitivus,-a,-um, adj., 
original. 

primum, adv., at first, in 
the first place. 

principale,-is, n. princi- 
pal. 

principium,-i, u. b eg in- 
ning. 

priiisquam, conj., before. 

privatus,-a,-um, private. 

privilegium,-i, n. privi- 
lege. 

pro, prep. w. abl., for, in 
behalf of. 

probatio,-6nis, f. proof. 

probo,-are, -avi, - a t u in, 
prove, suppose. 

proditio,-6nis, f. treason. 

profero,-ferre,-tuli, -la- 
tum, offer. 

prohibeo,-ere,-ui, - itum, 
prevent, forbid. 

proprius, - a, - u m, adj., 
one's own, peculiar. 

propter, prep. w. aec., on 
account of. 

prospicio,-ere, - s p e x i, - 
spectum, looJc forward. 



prdsum,prodesse, prdi'ui, 

, do good. 

publicus, -a, - u m, adj., 
public. 

pudor,-6ris, n. virtue. 

piier,-eri, c. child. 

pugno,-are,-avi, - a t u in, 
conflict, fight. 

punio,-ire,-ivi(-ii),-itum, 
punish. 

puto,-are,-avi,-atum, re- 
gard, consider. 



Q. 



quam, adv. , than. 
quando, adv., when. 
quantus,-a,-um, adj., 
quaero,-ere,-siv i ( - i i ) , - 

situm, inquire into. 
quaestio,-6nis, f. question, 

inquiry, investigation. 
quasi, adv., as if. 
que, end. conj., and. 
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. , 

who, which. 
quia, conj., because. 
quilibet, quaelibet, qudd- 

libet, iudef. pron., any 

kind of. 
quis, quae, quid, intcrrog. 

pron., what. 
quisquis, quaequse, quic- 

quid, indef. pron., any- 
thing, something. 
quoties, adv., as often as. 



216 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



R. 

ratio,-6nis, f. reason, rule. 

ratus,-a,-um, adj. , con- 
sidered, regarded, eo n - 
firmed. 

recedo,-ere,-cess i,-ces- 
sum, depart from. 

recipio,-ere,-cepi ,-cep- 
tum, receive, be capable 

of. 
recordum,-i, n. record. 
reci*eo,-are,-avi,- atuin, 

renew, restore. 
rectus,-a,-um, adj., right, 

just, lawful. 
rectum,-i, n. right, truth. 
reddo,-ere,-didi, -ditum, 

give, make. 
ref'ugium,-i, n. refuge. 
regius,-a,-um, adj., royal, 

regal. 
regnum,-i, n. kingdom. 
rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, 

control, rule. 
regula,-8e, f. rule. 
rejicio,-ere,-jeci,-jectum, 

refuse, reject. 
relatio,-6nis, f. report, 

motion. 
relevo,-are,-avi,-atum, be 

relevant to. 
religio,-6nis, f. religion. 
remedium,-i, n. remedy. 
removeo,-ere,-m6vi,-mo- 

tum, remove. 



reprobo,-are,-avi,- atuni, 

refuse. 
reputo,-are, - avi, - atuni, 

consider. 
requiro, - ere, - sivi (-ii), - 

situm, aslc, require. 
res, rei, f. thing, affair. 
rescindo,-ere,-scidi,-scis- 

sum, disregard. 
respicio,-ere,-spexi,-spec- 

tum, look backward. 
respondeo,-ere,-di, -spon- 

suin, ansiver to, respond. 
respublica,-ei,-8e, f. r e- 

jiublic, state. 
restituo,-uere,-ui,-utum, 

correct. 
retineo,-ere,-ui,-tentum, 

hold, retain. 
reus,-i, m. defendant, guil- 
ty person. 
reus,-a,-um, adj., crimi- 
nal. 
revoco,- are, - avi, - atuni, 

recall. 
rex, regis, m. king. 
Romanus,-a, - um, adj., 

Roman. 
rdo,-ere, rdi, return, fall. 

S. 

sacramentum,-i, n. faith. 
saepe, adv., often. 
salus,-iitis, f. safety. 
sanctio, - onis, f. oat h, 

sanction. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



217 



sanctus,-a,-um, adj., sa- 
cred. 

scienter, adv., knowingly, 
with knowledge. 

scientia,-se, f. knowledge. 

scio, - ire, scivi, scitum, 
know. 

scribo,- er e, -scrips i, - 
scriptum, write. 

scriptum,-i, n. deed, 

scriitor, - ari, - atus sum, 
scrutinize. 

secretum,-i, n. secret. 

secundum, prep. w. ace, 
according to. 

semel, adv., once. 

semper, adv., always. 

senatus,-us, m. senate. 

sententia,-8e, f. opinion, 
decree, judgment, sen- 
tence. 

sentio,-ire, - si, - sum, en- 
joy, bear. 

sequor,-qui, secutus sum, 
follow. 

servitia,-6rum, n. plur. 
services. 

servitus,-iitis, f. servitude, 
slavery. 

servo, - are, - avi,- a t u m, 
keep, preserve. 

seu, conj., or. 

severe, adv., severely. 

sex, hided, num. six. 

sic, adv., so, in such a 
manner. 



sicanus,-i, m. assassin. 

sileo,-ere,-ui, , be si- 
lent. 

similis,-e, adj., like. 

simplex,-icis, adj., simple, 
plain. 

sine, prep. w. abl., with- 
out. 

sino,-ere, sivi, situm, per- 
mit. 

singuli,-ae,-a, plur. adj., 
individual. 

sive, conj., or. 

sobrius,-a,-um, adj., so- 
ber. 

socius,-i, m. partner, asso- 
ciate. 

solium,-i, n. throne. 

solidus,-a,-um, adj., en- 
tire. 

solum,-i, n. soil. 

solus,-a,-um, adj., single, 
alone. 

solvo, - ere, - i, soliitum, 
free, release. 

specto,- are, - avi, - atum, 
look at, regard. 

spero, - are, - avi, - atum, 
foresee. 

spoliator,-6ris, in. wrong- 
doer. 

stipes,-itis, f. root, stock. 

stipulator,-6ris, m. stipu- 
lator, party using. 

sto, - are, steti, statum, 
stand, abide. 



218 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



strictus, - a, - am, adj., 
strict. 

stibditus,-i, m. subject. 

siibsequens,- ntis, adj., 
subsequent. 

subvenio,-ire,-veni,-ven- 
tiim, come to the aid of. 

subverto,- ere, - ti, - sum, 
overturn. 

succurro,-ere,-ctirri,- cur- 
sum, come to the aid of. 

sdi, gen. of reflex, pron., 
of himself ', herself, etc. 

sdmo,-ere, siimpsi, sump- 
tiim, take up. 

superfluus,-a,-um, adj., 
superfluous. 

superior,-oris, m. princi- 
pal. 

suppleo,-ere,- evi, - etum, 
supply. 

supplicium,-i, n. punish- 
ment, penalty. 

suppressio,-6nis, f. sup- 
pression. 

suspicio,-6nis, f. suspic- 
ion. 

suspiciosus,-a,-sum, sus- 
picious. 

sdus,-a,-um, poss. pron., 
his, her, its. 

T. 

tempus,-oris, n. time. 
teneo, - ere, - ui, tentum, 

regard, hold. 



tenens,-utis, n. tenant. 

terra,-ae, f. land. 

testamentum,-i, n. will, 
testament. 

testator,-6ris, m. testator. 

testis,-is, c. icitness. 

testor,-ari,-atus sum, tes- 
tify, malce a will. 

thdrus,-i, m. bed, couch. 

tdlero, - are, - avi, - atum, 
permit. 

tollo,-ere, sdstuli, subla- 
tum, remove. 

traditio,-6nis, f. delivery. 

tralio, -ere, traxi, trac- 
tum, carry with. 

transeo, - ire, - ivi (-ii), - 
itum, pass. 

transfero,-ferre,-tuli, -la- 
tum, transfer. 

tripartitus,-a,-um, adj., 
threefold. 

tiirpis,-e, adj., base. 

turpittido,-inis, f. base- 
ness, infamy. 

tutus,-a,-um, adj., safe. 

tiius,-a,-um, poss. pron., 
your. 

U- 

dbi, adv., where. 

ultimus,-a,-um, adj., fi- 
nal, last. 

uni versus, -a, - u m, adj., 
everybody. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



219 



unus,-a,-um, num. adj., 

one. 
usque, adv., all the way up 

to. 
ilsus,-us, m. custom, use. 
ut, conj., in order that. 
uterus,-i, m. womb. 
iitilis,-e, adj., useful. 
utilitas,-atis, f. utility. 
ut or, uti, lisus, sum, w. 

abl., use, enjoy. 
iixor,-dris, f. wife. 

V. 

vagus,-a,-um, adj., uncer- 
tain, ambiguous. 

valeo,-ere,-ui, , stand, 

be able. 

valor,-6ris, m. value. 

vanus,-a,-um, adj., vain. 

vel, conj., or. 

venditor,-6ris, m. seller. 

vendo,-ere,-didi,- d it am, 
sell, 

v«5nia,-8e, f. pardon. 

venio,-ire, veni, ventuni, 
go, come. 

verbum,-i, n. word. 

vere, adv., truly, with len- 
ity. 

verinc£tio,-dnis, f. proof. 

verifico,-are,-avi, - atum , 
verify. 



ve>itas,-atis, f. truth. 

vere, adv., assuredly, with 
lenity. 

verus,-a,-um, adj., true. 

veto,-are,-ui,-itum, for- 
bid. 

via,-a?, f. way, road. 

vicinus,-i, m. neighbor. 

videor,- eri, visus, sum, 
seem, appear. 

vigilans,-ntis, c. icatchful 
person. 

vinco,-ere, -vici,-victum, 
overcome. 

vinculum, - i, n . bond, 
chain, link. 

violo, - are, - avi, ? atum, 
disregard. 

vir, viri, m. husband. 

vis, vis, f. force. 

visitatio,-6nis, f. visit. 

vitio,-are,-avi,-atum, vi- 
tiate, make void. 

vivens,-ntis, m. a living 
person. 

vivo, - ere, vixi, victum, 
live. 

volo, velle, v d 1 u i, , 

wish. 

voluntas, -£tis, f. will. 

vdtum,-i, n. wish. 

vox,-cis, f. voice. 



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